Comparing k-nearest neighbor and k-means methods for clustering Indonesian farmers’ welfare

Abstract

A farmer’s welfare classification can be performed to accommodate all significant issues that will assist policymakers, government, and scientists. This study aims to compare K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) and K-Means methods for clustering Indonesian farmers’ welfare using the fifth wave of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS 5) data. The K-Means method is an unsupervised learning algorithm by classifying the data according to the closest distance between observed and centroids. The K-NN method is a supervised learning algorithm by classifying most of the nearest neighbour data. This study used fifteen factors affecting farmers’ welfare including land area, type of water, type of rice, income, expenditure, loan, mobile phone use, harvest frequency, crop failure, land ownership, gender, age, level of education, home ownership, and ownership of health insurance. The K-NN performed well to classify farmers’ welfare as the K-Means methods in the district data, with an accuracy of 89.8% compared to 53.7%. The K-NN classification results in provinces data showed that the provinces of Bali, East Java, South Kalimantan, Lampung, West Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi, and South Sumatra were included as prosperous provinces; while the provinces of Banten, DI Yogyakarta, West Java, Central Java, West Sumatra, and North Sumatra were included as non-prosperous provinces.

The role of sustainable agriculture practices and knowledge in shaping farmer attitudes and attachment to agriculture

“…According to Dong et al (2022), farmers are more likely to defend their land the more connected they are to it. Additionally, several works Kaler and Ruston (2019); Pawa (2020); Tama et al (2021) have described a similar link with nature. Place attachment, which is de􀅫ined as an emotional connection between people and their surroundings, seems to shed light on how people react to change (Cavanagh, 2015;Prayitno et al, 2021;Valizadeh et al, 2020).…”

“…The rising demand in South Kalimantan for agricultural products needs to be counter-balanced by certain government initiatives. Technological advances that are appropriate, ef􀅫icient, and successful are necessary for the development of strategies, that farmers may implement in a socially and technically sound manner (Pawa, 2020;Tata, 2019). Farmer's land is a reservoir of emotions and a location to raise crops, work, and enjoy recreational activities.…”

“…Farmers' interest in farming is lowered as a result of the change in land usage, which causes feelings of loss Dong et al (2022), joy, grief, and nostalgia (Alexander et al, 2020). Changes from the boundary are regarded as in-ef􀅫iciency, which means that given the existing use of production components, the present level of production could be raised or a lesser proportion of the production components might be generated (Pawa, 2020). Therefore, waste in terms of either manufacturing output or resource utilization during production is characterized as production ineffectiveness.…”

“…The degree of inef􀅫iciencies as well as the connections between productivity and the characteristics of farms and/or the regulatory setting in which farms are located have previously been investigated through ef􀅫iciency analysis (Alexander et al, 2020;Li et al, 2019). The attitudes of farmers towards different factors that impact agriculture production, for instance, have been the subject of several recent studies (Adnan et al, 2019;Li et al, 2019;Sulewski et al, 2020;Valizadeh et al, 2020); as well as the personality traits of farmers (Nguyen et al, 2019;Pawa, 2020;Tama et al, 2021). Agriculture attachment is characterized as one of the social circumstances.…”

The Impact of Agricultural Land Ownership on the Subjective Wellbeing of Farmers in Indonesia

“…Idealnya, petani yang mengelola lahan lebih luas akan semakin meningkat pendapatannya. Dengan menggunakan Metode K-Means dan K-NN, Pawa & Kismiantini (2020) government, and scientists. This study aims to compare K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN melakukan penelitian tentang pengelompokan kesejahteraan petani di Indonesia.…”