Comparing FAMACHA© eye color chart and Hemoglobin Color Scale tests for detecting anemia and improving treatment of bovine trypanosomosis in West Africa

Grace, Delia; Himstedt, H.; Sidibé, Issa; Randolph, Thomas F.; Clausen, P.H.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.022

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Since under the conditions prevailing in the study area, the PCV-value on its own already has a high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, one could consider the use of a simple tool to be applied easily by animal health technicians or cattle owners to assess the level of anaemia of an animal. FAMACHA # eye color chart and hemoglobin color scale tests, which showed evidence of robustness and reliability for the detection of anaemia in cattle in western Africa (Grace et al, 2007), could possibly be used as an alternative to PCV measurement in spite of a probable lower precision. In fact, similar tools have been implemented successfully in the control of hemonchosis in sheep and goats (Bath et al, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The specificity of the parallel combination of PCVand parasitological diagnosis could be affected by infections with Anaplasma spp., Babesia spp. or Theileria parva (Fandamu et al, 2007), by gastro-intestinal worm infestations (Grace et al, 2007) or by any other factor which could cause anaemia in cattle. Good nutritional status was reported to reduce the impact of trypanosome infection on PCV (Holmes et al, 2000;Van den Bossche and Rowlands, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is measured by determining the packed cell volume (PCV). In the absence of other factors causing anaemia, the PCV gives a reliable indication of the disease status of a trypanosome-infected animal (Trail et al, 1993;Grace et al, 2007). Hence, in the absence of other factors causing anaemia, the use of PCV and its parallel combination with the parasitological diagnosis could improve the detection of trypanosome-infected animals and ease the decision to treat them with a trypanocidal drug.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in eastern Zambia

Marcotty

Simukoko

Berkvens

et al. 2008

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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In this study, packed cell volume-values (PCV) are evaluated as indicator of trypanosomiasis infections in cattle. A total of 734 blood samples were collected in 11 different sampling sites in eastern Zambia: 84 calves (<1 year), 52 young females and 40 young males (between 1 and 3 years), 228 cows, 317 oxen and 13 bulls (>3 years). All samples were subjected to three diagnostic tests: parasitological examination using the buffy coat method, PCR/RFLP and PCV determination. The results were compared and analysed in a Bayesian model, which allowed the estimation of the infection prevalence and the respective test sensitivities and specificities. The presence of a trypanosomal infection significantly reduced the PCV, independently of the age and sex of the infected animal. The estimated prevalence of trypanosomal infections in the study area was 34% (95% credibility interval: 30-38%). While the specificity of both the parasitological and the PCR/RFLP tests were set to 1, the parasitological diagnosis had a low sensitivity (37%) compared to the PCR/RFLP (96%). When using a cut-off value of 24, the PCV had a high specificity (98%) but a rather low sensitivity (53%) for identifying trypanosomiasis infections. Using 26% as a cut-off increased the sensitivity to 76% without much affecting the specificity (94%). A parallel combination of the parasitological diagnosis and the PCVimproved the diagnostic sensitivity (74% and 89% for PCV cut-off values of 24% or 26%, respectively) while specificity remained high (98% and 94% for PCV cut-off values of 24% or 26%, respectively). These results suggest that such a combination could advantageously be used for the diagnosis of cattle trypanosomiasis in the field: it is much www.elsevier.com/locate/prevetmed more sensitive than parasitological examination alone and it is much cheaper than molecular tests. However, the value of this approach depends largely on the determination of an appropriate cut-off value to consider a sample positive, depending on the required test sensitivities and specificities. #

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in eastern Zambia

Marcotty

Simukoko

Berkvens

et al. 2008

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

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“…While FAMACHA is well established for sheep and goats, it has not yet been validated for cattle and calves. 5,10,11 Such a conjunctival redness scoring system has limited applications in cattle and calves, although some studies found that hematocrit is linearly correlated with FAMACHA scores in calves. 47 Indeed, we found no evidence of associations of conjunctival redness scores with blood Hgb levels in our study population.…”

Section: Limitations Of Conjunctival Redness Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1(a). The most commonly used method for conjunctival redness is the FAMACHA system, 4,[5][6][7] which allows simple clinical evaluation of anemia by use of an eye color chart. 8,9 As a qualitative assessment of anemia, FAMACHA has been successfully used for aiding anemia diagnosis for small ruminant management, particularly in sheep and goats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward laboratory blood test-comparable photometric assessments for anemia in veterinary hematology

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Anemia associated with intestinal parasites and malnutrition is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in small ruminants worldwide. Qualitative scoring of conjunctival redness has been developed so that farmers can gauge anemia in sheep and goats to identify animals that require treatment. For clinically relevant anemia diagnosis, complete blood count-comparable quantitative methods often rely on complicated and expensive optical instruments, requiring detailed spectral information of hemoglobin. We report experimental and numerical results for simple, yet reliable, noninvasive hemoglobin detection that can be correlated with laboratory-based blood hemoglobin testing for anemia diagnosis. In our pilot animal study using calves, we exploit the third eyelid (i.e., palpebral conjunctiva) as an effective sensing site. To further test spectrometerfree (or spectrometerless) hemoglobin assessments, we implement full spectral reconstruction from RGB data and partial least square regression. The unique combination of RGB-based spectral reconstruction and partial least square regression could potentially offer uncomplicated instrumentation and avoid the use of a spectrometer, which is vital for realizing a compact and inexpensive hematology device for quantitative anemia detection in the farm field.

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A preliminary study on the dynamics of serum color in perspective to hemoglobin and bilirubin in indigenous sheep of Pakistan

Idris,

Farooq,

Rashid

et al. 2023

J Exp Zool Pt A

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The present study is the first of its kind being reported for an indigenous sheep breed of Pakistan with objectives to (a) assess the diagnostic efficacy of a human‐based “serum hemolysis reference palette” for sheep serum, (b) deduce normal reference intervals (RIs) for hemoglobin (Hb) and bilirubin, and (c) devise a novel serum color chart for on‐field estimation of Hb and bilirubin through color matching of sheep serum. Apparently, healthy Sipli sheep (n = 130) were bled twice attaining whole blood and serum samples (n = 260). The study animals were grouped on the basis of gender, that is, males (n = 51) and females (n = 79) and age, that is, G1 (up till 1 year) (n = 41), G2 (from 1 to 2 years) (n = 46), and G3 (from 2 to 3 years) (n = 43). None of the 260 serum samples of the sheep matched the color given on the human‐based “hemolysis reference palette.” The G1 animals revealed marked variation in their serum color. Hence, on the basis of RIs, the serum samples (n = 178) of adult sheep (G2 and G3) showing three main color bands were used in devising a novel serum Hb and bilirubin estimation chart for adult sheep serum. In conclusion, the human‐based serum hemolysis palette is not valid for sheep serum. The RIs attained in the study could provide a yardstick for assessment of health in indigenous sheep breeds whereas the serum color chart may be of value in estimating Hb and bilirubin in a quick, reliable, and cheaper way for the resource‐poor settings of the world.

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Comparing FAMACHA© eye color chart and Hemoglobin Color Scale tests for detecting anemia and improving treatment of bovine trypanosomosis in West Africa

Cited by 31 publications

References 21 publications

Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in eastern Zambia

Evaluating the use of packed cell volume as an indicator of trypanosomal infections in cattle in eastern Zambia

Toward laboratory blood test-comparable photometric assessments for anemia in veterinary hematology

A preliminary study on the dynamics of serum color in perspective to hemoglobin and bilirubin in indigenous sheep of Pakistan

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