Comparing ecological restoration alternatives: Grand Canyon, Arizona

Fulé, Peter Z.; Covington, W. Wallace; Smith, H.B.; Springer, Judith D.; Heinlein, Thomas A.; Huisinga, Kristin D.; Moore, Margaret M.

doi:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00759-9

Cited by 117 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…However, mortality increased as diameter increased among the largest trees (>50 cm dbh) [32]. Others have reported similar results described as a "U-shaped" distribution of tree mortality by tree diameter [49], which agrees with our observations at Blacks Mountain. Kolb et al [50] suggested that growth of large P. ponderosa can be accelerated by thinning, but warned that prescribed fire may predispose trees to increased levels of delayed mortality, often by bark beetles.…”

Section: Tree Mortalitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Resiliency of an Interior Ponderosa Pine Forest to Bark Beetle Infestations Following Fuel-Reduction and Forest-Restoration Treatments

Fettig

McKelvey

2014

Forests

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Mechanical thinning and the application of prescribed fire are commonly used to restore fire-adapted forest ecosystems in the Western United States. During a 10-year period, we monitored the effects of fuel-reduction and forest-restoration treatments on levels of tree mortality in an interior ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forest in California. Twelve experimental plots, ranging in size from 77-144 ha, were established to create two distinct forest structural types: mid-seral stage (low structural diversity; LoD) and late-seral stage (high structural diversity; HiD). Following harvesting, half of each plot was treated with prescribed fire (B). A total of 16,473 trees (8.7% of all trees) died during the 10-year period. Mortality was primarily attributed to bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) (10,655 trees), specifically fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis LeConte, mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, western pine beetle, D. brevicomis LeConte, pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), and, to a much lesser extent, Jeffrey pine beetle, D. jeffreyi Hopkins. Trees of all ages and size classes were killed, but mortality was concentrated in the smaller-diameter classes (19-29.2 and 29.3-39.3 cm at 1.37 m in height). Most mortality occurred three to five years following prescribed burns. Higher levels of bark beetle-caused tree mortality were observed on LoD + B (8.7%) than LoD (4.2%). The application of these and other results to the OPEN ACCESSForests 2014, 5 154 management of interior P. ponderosa forests are discussed, with an emphasis on the maintenance of large trees.

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Section: Tree Mortalitysupporting

confidence: 92%

Resiliency of an Interior Ponderosa Pine Forest to Bark Beetle Infestations Following Fuel-Reduction and Forest-Restoration Treatments

Fettig

McKelvey

2014

Forests

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“…CBD is difficult to measure because it requires detailed knowledge of the vertical distribution of crown fuel biomass. For uniform stands, CBD can be computed as the available canopy fuel load divided by canopy depth [1,6,23,33,42]. This method carries the implicit assumption that canopy biomass is distributed uniformly within the stand canopy, which is unlikely to be true even in stands with very simple structure; multi-storied stands are probably even more poorly represented by this procedure [70].…”

Section: Cbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are also responsible for the largest proportion of the overall area burned in large fires in coniferous forests, worldwide [2,36]. The importance of crown fire behavior prediction in assessing fire potential has made it a prerequisite for evaluating the effectiveness of fuel management treatments during fire prevention planning [33,44,70,72].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests

Mitsopoulos

Dimitrakopoulos

2007

Ann. For. Sci.

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-Canopy fuel characteristics that influence the initiation and spread of crown fires were measured in representative Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Greece. Vertical distribution profiles of canopy fuel load, canopy base height and canopy bulk density are presented. Aleppo pine canopy fuels are characterized by low canopy base height (3.0−6.5 m), while available canopy fuel load (0.96−1.80 kg/m 2 ) and canopy bulk density (0.09−0.22 kg/m 3 ) values are similar to other conifers worldwide. Crown fire behavior (probability of crown fire initiation, crown fire type, rate of spread, fireline intensity and flame length) in Aleppo pine stands with various understory fuel types was simulated with the most updated crown fire models. The probability of crown fire initiation was high even under moderate burning conditions, mainly due to the low canopy base height and the heavy surface fuel load. Passive crown fires resulted mostly in uneven aged stands, while even aged stands gave high intensity active crown fires. Assessment of canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior can be useful in fuel management and fire suppression planning.canopy fuels / crown fires / fire behavior / Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) / Mediterranean Basin Résumé -Caractéristiques des combustibles de la canopée et comportement du potentiel de feu des couronnes de forêts de Pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.). Les caractéristiques des combustibles qui influencent le démarrage et la propagation des feux de couronnes ont été mesurées dans des peuplements représentatifs de Pinus halepensis Mill. en Grèce. Des profils verticaux de la charge en combustible de la canopée, la hauteur de la base de la canopée et la densité volumique de la canopée sont présentés. La charge combustible de la canopée est caractérisée par une faible hauteur de la base de la canopée (3,0−6,5 m), tandis que la charge en combustible disponible (0,96−1,80 kg/m 2 ) et la densité volumique de la canopée (0,09−0,22 kg/m 3 ) sont similaires à celles des autres conifères dans le monde. Le comportement du feu de couronne (probabilité de démarrage du feu dans les couronnes, type de feu de couronne, taux de propagation, intensité de la ligne de feu et longueur des flammes) dans les peuplements de Pinus halepensis avec différents types de combustibles de sous-bois a été simulé avec le maximum de modèles actuels de feux de couronnes. La probabilité de démarrage de feu de couronne était forte même en conditions de faible embrasement, principalement en relation avec la faible hauteur de la base des couronnes et la forte charge en combustible au sol. Des feux passifs de couronnes se produisent principalement dans les peuplements inéquiennes tandis que les peuplements équiennes ont présenté de fortes intensités de feux actifs de couronnes. L'évaluation des caractéristiques des combustibles de la canopée et le comportement du potentiel de feu peuvent être très utiles pour la gestion des combustibles et la planification de la lutte contre les feux. c...

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“…Quantitative and spatially explicit canopy fuel load estimates are required to test fuel treatment options to reduce canopy bulk density, to increase canopy base height, to remove ladder fuels, and ultimately, to modify fire behavior in conifer stands and landscapes [58,59]. Recent studies showed that remote sensing data such as that acquired from LiDAR sensors has been successfully used to extract information relevant to canopy fuel attributes [13,27].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canopy Fuel Load Mapping of Mediterranean Pine Sites Based on Individual Tree-Crown Delineation

et al. 2013

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This study presents an individual tree-crown-based approach for canopy fuel load estimation and mapping in two Mediterranean pine stands. Based on destructive sampling, an allometric equation was developed for the estimation of crown fuel weight considering only pine crown width, a tree characteristic that can be estimated from passive imagery. Two high resolution images were used originally for discriminating Aleppo and Calabrian pines crown regions through a geographic object based image analysis approach. Subsequently, the crown region images were segmented using a watershed segmentation algorithm and crown width was extracted. The overall accuracy of the tree crown isolation expressed through a perfect match between the reference and the delineated crowns was 34.00% for the Kassandra site and 48.11% for the Thessaloniki site, while the coefficient of determination between the ground measured and the satellite extracted crown width was 0.5. Canopy fuel load values estimated in the current study presented mean values from 1.29 ± 0.6 to 1.65 ± 0.7 kg/m 2 similar to other conifers worldwide. Despite the modest accuracies attained in this first study of individual tree crown fuel load mapping, the OPEN ACCESSRemote Sens. 2013, 5 6462 combination of the allometric equations with satellite-based extracted crown width information, can contribute to the spatially explicit mapping of canopy fuel load in Mediterranean areas. These maps can be used among others in fire behavior prediction, in fuel reduction treatments prioritization and during active fire suppression.

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Comparing ecological restoration alternatives: Grand Canyon, Arizona

Cited by 117 publications

References 34 publications

Resiliency of an Interior Ponderosa Pine Forest to Bark Beetle Infestations Following Fuel-Reduction and Forest-Restoration Treatments

Resiliency of an Interior Ponderosa Pine Forest to Bark Beetle Infestations Following Fuel-Reduction and Forest-Restoration Treatments

Canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests

Canopy Fuel Load Mapping of Mediterranean Pine Sites Based on Individual Tree-Crown Delineation

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