Comparing dietary and non-dietary source contribution of BPA and DEHP to prenatal exposure: A Catalonia (Spain) case study

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) composition has a key role in a wide range of health outcomes, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and death, among others. Because of its location and orography, Montcada i Reixac, a municipality located in the Barcelona metropolitan area (Catalonia, Spain), means an interesting case study to investigate air pollution. The area is also characterized by the presence of different industrial emission sources, including a cement factory and a large waste management plant, as well as an intense traffic. In this study, PM10 levels and trace elements, ions, and carbonaceous particles were determined for a long time period (2013)(2014)(2015)(2016) in this highly polluted area. PM10 samples were collected during six consecutive days in two campaigns (cold and warm) per year. A number of elements (As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, K, La, Li, Hg, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Tb, Th, Ti, Tl, U, V, W, Y, Yb, and Zr), ions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+), and carbonaceous content (total carbon, organic plus elemental carbon, and CO32-), were analysed. These data were used to identify the PM10 main components: mineral matter, sea spray, secondary inorganic aerosols, organic matter plus elemental carbon, trace elements or indeterminate fraction. Although a clear seasonality (cold vs. warm periods) was found, there were no differences between working days and weekends. However, some traffic-related elements (i.e., Co, Cr, Mn, and Sb) showed significantly higher concentrations in weekdays. We also state that out study does not include human subjects.Hoping that you will find the manuscript interesting for the readers of Environmental Research, we look forward to hearing from you.Sincerely, Dr. Martí NadalCover Letter HIGHLIGHTS  Constituents and main components of airborne PM 10 near a cement plant were studied.  A clear seasonality was found, with higher levels in winter. A daily pattern was not observed, when comparing weekdays and weekends. Road traffic had a significant contribution to PM 10 levels. Highlights 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 -------------------------------------------------37* Corresponding author. 38 E-mail address: marti.nadal@urv.cat (M.Nadal) 39 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 ), were analysed. These data were used to identify the PM 10 55 main components: mineral matter, sea spray, secondary inorganic aerosols, organic matter 56 plus elemental carbon, trace elements or indeterminate fraction. Although a clear 57 ...

Factors Associated with Exposure to Dietary Bisphenols in Adolescents

“…However, given that both of these studies determined urinary BPA and BPS levels, their results cannot be considered in line with those of the present study. Given that diet is an important source of human exposure to bisphenols [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ], gender-related differences found in BPS exposure could be due to the fact that boys consume more foods with high BPS levels than girls. In fact, boys consumed more Serrano ham, green pepper, and cake than girls, as can be observed in Table 2 .…”

“…Secondly, multiple sources of BPA exposure exist in adolescents outside of the diet which were not considered in the present study because biological samples were not collected. However, the diet is considered to be one of the main sources of exposure [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Lastly, obesity is a complex health issue whose definition is still a subject of controversy.…”

“…Given that BPA and its analogues share the same basic chemical structure, there is also a risk of analogues acting as endocrine disruptors, a risk evidenced in in vitro and in vivo studies [ 15 ]. Bisphenols are now ubiquitous in the environment, with dietary exposure being one of the main routes through which humans are exposed to these compounds [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Food contamination with these chemicals typically occurs during food processing, packaging, transportation, and storage [ 20 ].…”

Occurrence, Ecological and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in Surface Water of U-Tapao Canal, Southern, Thailand

“…In risk assessment, assessing the potential health risks for humans derived from exposure to polluted environmental media is a significant approach applied for contaminants in water, sediment, soil, indoor and outdoor air, cosmetics, and food [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Assessing the noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for humans depends on the routes of exposure to the PAEs [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Generally, the exposure pathways considered consist of dietary and non-dietary exposure routes [ 31 ].…”

“…Generally, the exposure pathways considered consist of dietary and non-dietary exposure routes [ 31 ]. Dietary exposures include the routine ingestion of food products and water contaminated with PAEs [ 28 , 30 ], while non-dietary exposures include dermal absorption via PAEs contaminated sediment and water; inhalation of residues stuck in the soil and accidental ingestion of contaminated soil [ 26 , 30 , 32 ]. Many studies have made known that prolonged exposure of PAEs may cause serious health problems including congenital disabilities such as reduced anogenital distance in baby boys, altered semen quality, hormonal and endocrine disruptions including early breast development in girls, shortened gestation, infertility, testicular dysgenesis, childhood social and mental impairment, obesity, asthma, and breast cancer [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”