Comparing colors using visual models

Maia, Rafael; White, Thomas E.

doi:10.1093/beheco/ary017

Cited by 69 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Furthermore, there are inherent assumptions with these visual models: (2) chromatic and achromatic visual channels operate independently of one another; (2) that color is coded by n ‐1 opponent channels; and (3) that the limits to color discrimination are set by noise arising in receptors ((Vorobyev & Osorio, ; Kelber et al ., ; Olsson et al ., ; Maia & White, ). Lastly, our own implementation of these visual models recognizes that we are modeling the perception of light sources against a homogeneously dark background and that eyes and other mechanisms will be adapted for the light intensity of the light sources.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…longer wavelengths for HPS). discrimination are set by noise arising in receptors ( Kelber et al, 2003;Olsson et al, 2017;Maia & White, 2018). Lastly, our own implementation of these visual models recognizes that we are modeling the perception of light sources against a homogeneously dark background and that eyes and other mechanisms will be adapted for the light intensity of the light sources.…”

Section: Visual System Stimulation Of Artificial Light Sources: Just mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Connecting spectral radiometry of anthropogenic light sources to the visual ecology of organisms

2019

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Humans have drastically altered nocturnal environments with electric lighting. Animals depend on natural night light conditions and are now being inundated with artificial lighting. There are numerous artificial light sources that differ in spectral composition that should affect the perception of these light sources and due to differences in animal visual systems, the differences in color perception of these anthropogenic light sources should vary significantly. The ecological and evolutionary ramifications of these perceptual differences of light sources remain understudied. Here, we quantify the radiance of nine different street lights comprised of four different light sources: Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor, Light Emitting Diodes, and High‐Pressure Sodium and model how five animal visual systems will be stimulated by these light sources. We calculated the number of photons that photoreceptors in different visual systems would detect. We selected five visual systems: avian UV/VIS, avian V/VIS, human, wolf and hawk moth. We included non‐visual photoreceptors of vertebrates known for controlling circadian rhythms and other physiological traits. The nine light types stimulated visual systems and the photoreceptors within the visual systems differently. Furthermore, we modelled the chromatic contrast (Just Noticeable Differences [JNDs]) and color space overlap for each light type comparison for each visual system to see if organisms would perceive the lights as different colors. The JNDs of most light type comparisons were very high, indicating most visual systems would detect all light types as different colors, however mammalian visual systems would perceive many lights as the same color. We discuss the importance of understanding not only the brightness of artificial light types, but also the spectral composition of light types, as most organisms have different visual systems from humans. Thus, for researchers to understand how artificial light sources affect the visual environment of specific organisms and thus mitigate the effects, spectral information is crucial.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Visual System Stimulation Of Artificial Light Sources: Just mentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting spectral radiometry of anthropogenic light sources to the visual ecology of organisms

2019

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“…To determine whether hypothetical models and mimics are statistically different in plumage 186 coloration, we used permutation-based analyses of variance (PERMANOVAs) using perceptual 187 color distances in the R package "vegan" [47]. We used 999 permutations and recorded the pseudo-188 f, the significance of the analysis (a=0.05), and the R 2 [40]. To evaluate whether plumage patches 189 showing statistical differences in reflectance are also perceptually distinguishable we did a 190 bootstrap analysis to calculate a mean distance and a confidence interval in JNDs [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We used 999 permutations and recorded the pseudo-188 f, the significance of the analysis (a=0.05), and the R 2 [40]. To evaluate whether plumage patches 189 showing statistical differences in reflectance are also perceptually distinguishable we did a 190 bootstrap analysis to calculate a mean distance and a confidence interval in JNDs [40]. If two colors 191 are statistically distinct and the lower bound of the bootstrapped confidence interval is higher than 192 the established JND threshold value, then one can conclude that these colors are statistically distinct 193 and perceptually different given a visual model [40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To evaluate whether plumage patches 189 showing statistical differences in reflectance are also perceptually distinguishable we did a 190 bootstrap analysis to calculate a mean distance and a confidence interval in JNDs [40]. If two colors 191 are statistically distinct and the lower bound of the bootstrapped confidence interval is higher than 192 the established JND threshold value, then one can conclude that these colors are statistically distinct 193 and perceptually different given a visual model [40]. Given that previous studies found that spectra 194 separated by values ≤ 1 JND are impossible to distinguish and that even those with values ≤ 3 JNDs 195 may be difficult to discriminate under bright light conditions [42,48], we chose an intermediate To assess statistical and perceptual differences from the perspective of raptors and tyrant flycatchers 199 we performed PERMANOVAs and bootstraps assuming two alternative visual models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plumage convergence resulting from social mimicry in birds? A tetrachromatic view

Meneses-Giorgi

Cadena

2020

Preprint

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35Social mimicry may lead to convergent evolution when interactions with conspecific and 36 heterospecific individuals drive evolution towards similar phenotypes in different species. Several 37 hypotheses accounting for convergence in communication signals based on mechanisms of social 38 mimicry exist, but evaluations of how similar species are given the visual system of receptors of 39 such signals have been ostensibly missing from tests of such hypotheses. We used plumage 40 reflectance measurements and models of avian color discrimination to evaluate the efficacy of 41 visual deception and therefore the plausibility of mimicry hypotheses accounting for plumage 42 convergence among six species of passerine birds in the flycatcher family (Tyrannidae) with 43 strikingly similar plumage. We rejected interspecific social mimicry hypotheses as an explanation 44 for the similarity between one putative model species and putative mimics because deception seems 45 unlikely given the visual system of passerines. However, plumage similarity was consistent with a 46 role for selective pressures exerted by predators because dorsal coloration of putative model and 47 mimic species was indistinguishable by visually oriented raptors. Experiments and behavioral 48 observations are necessary to better characterize social interactions and to test predictions of 49 alternative mimicry hypotheses proposed to account for convergence. 50 51 Keywords: Convergence, coloration, visual models, social mimicry, interspecific social dominance 52 mimicry, predation. 53 54 55 56Convergent evolution, the process through which two or more distinct lineages independently 57 acquire similar traits, reveals that the paths of evolution are not infinite, but may instead be rather 58 restricted. Convergence may happen rapidly or over the course of millions of years by random drift 59[1] or, more likely, because a given phenotypic trait is repeatedly favored by natural selection in a 60 particular environment [2,3]. Likewise, convergence may also occur via biases in the production of 61 phenotypic variation, such as shared developmental constraints [3][4][5]. One well-studied form of 62 convergent evolution is mimicry, in which one species (the mimic) evolves to resemble another 63 species (the model), often to deceive a third species (the receptor; [6]). 65There are numerous examples of phenotypic convergence among birds [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15], and several authors 66 have proposed hypotheses to explain this phenomenon in the context of mimicry [7,13,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. 67Among leading ideas suggested to account for phenotypic convergence in birds, the social mimicry 68 hypothesis [18] posits that convergent similarity in traits like coloration and plumage patterns may 69 evolve to promote efficient communication maintaining cohesion both among conspecifics and 70 heterospecifics in mixed-species flocks. A variant of this hypothesis suggests that rather than 71 maintaining cohesion of mixed flocks, social mimicry serves mainl...

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Deceptive pollinator lures benefit from physical and perceptual proximity to flowers

White

2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Predators often use deception to exploit sensory and cognitive biases in prey. In pollinating insects, these include preferences for conspicuous colours associated with flowers, which predators such as orb‐web spiders display as prey lures. Theory predicts that deceptive signal efficacy should covary with both their perceptual similarity and physical proximity to the resources—here, flowers—whose cues they are imitating. Here I used the colour‐polymorphic jewelled spider Gasteracantha fornicata to test this prediction. I first examined spiders' capture success in the field, and found their visual resemblance and physical proximity to flowers interacted to mediate capture rates, with colour‐similarity becoming increasingly important as the distance between spiders and flowers decreased. I then replicated this interaction experimentally. Spiders adjacent to colour‐matched flowers enjoyed heightened capture success relative to those with nearby but colour‐mismatched flowers. While spiders with flowers placed at a distance (irrespective of colour) recorded the fewest captures. These results support ‘neighbourhood’ effects in aggressive deception as receivers' vulnerability to exploitation is mediated by the local signalling community. More generally, they emphasise the importance of the broader information landscape in the ecology of communication, and suggest misinformation is most effective when physically and perceptually proximate to the truth.

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Comparing colors using visual models

Cited by 69 publications

References 61 publications

Connecting spectral radiometry of anthropogenic light sources to the visual ecology of organisms

Connecting spectral radiometry of anthropogenic light sources to the visual ecology of organisms

Plumage convergence resulting from social mimicry in birds? A tetrachromatic view

Deceptive pollinator lures benefit from physical and perceptual proximity to flowers

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