Comparing cancer and cardiovascular disease trends in 20 middle- or high-income countries 2000–19: A pointer to national trajectories towards achieving Sustainable Development goal target 3.4

Abstract

With the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) target of a one-third reduction in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) less than a decade away, it is timely to assess national progress in reducing premature deaths from the two leading causes of mortality worldwide. We examine trends in the probability of dying ages 30-70 from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer 2000-19 in 10 middle-income (MICs) and 10 high-income (HICs) countries with high quality data. We then predict whether the SDG target will be met in each country for CVD, cancer and for the four main NCDs combined. Downward trends were more evident in HICs relative to the MICs, and for CVD relative to cancer. CVD and cancer declines ranged from 30-60% and 20-30% in HICs over the 20year period, but progress was less uniform among the MICs. Premature deaths from cancer exceeded CVD in nine of the 10 HICs by 2000 and in all 10 by 2019; in contrast, CVD mortality exceeded cancer in all 10 MICs in 2000 and remained the leading cause in eight countries by 2019. Two of the 10 MICs (Colombia and Kazakhstan) and seven of the HICs (Australia, Chile, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, Slovakia, and the U.K.) are predicted to meet the SDG NCDs target. Whether countries are on course to meet the target by 2030 reflects changing risk factor profiles and the extent to which effective preventative and medical care interventions have been implemented. In addition, lessons can be learned given people living with NCDs are more susceptible to severe COVID-19 illness and death.

Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Biomarkers in Chronic Cardiovascular Diseases

“…CVDs, including heart, coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral and aortic diseases, are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries ( Mannello and Medda, 2012 ). Atherosclerosis, considered the major precursor of CVDs, is a chronic pathology affecting large and medium size arteries that begins early in life, and progresses silently from its subclinical form to clinical symptoms according to the exposure to environmental risk factors (cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, stress, sedentarism, microbioma, etc), and non-modifiable determinants such as age ( Bray et al, 2021 ; Libby, 2021 ). Despite the therapeutic advances in controlling traditional risk factors, and the irruption of novel approaches including targeting inflammation, CVDs remain the primary cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for almost a third of annual deaths, 17.3 million per year, that are expected to grow to more than 23.6 million by 2030 due to lifestyle changes and aging ( Roth et al, 2017 ).…”

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“…Other causes known as primary causes such as congenital narrowing of the aorta [8], renal defects leading to hypertension [5], inflammation of the arteries walls [9]. In addition, many additional causes may also participate such as aldosteronism, high catecholamine levels, medications and nutrition, Cushing's syndrome and many other factors [10]. Although blood pressure of less than 120/80 was once considered "ideal," it is now considered "normal."…”

Synthesis and evaluation of new chalcones and oximes as anticancer agents

“…This century, cancer is predicted to overtake cardiovascular disease as the major cause of early mortality in most nations. 1 Premature deaths from cardiovascular disease and cancer were examined in 20 countries for the period 2000–2019 to see if they were on track to reach Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.4, which calls for an overall decrease in noncommunicable disease-related fatalities by one-third by 2030. With regard to the control of cardiovascular disease compared to cancer, national progress was very varied and appeared to be more visible in high-income nations compared to middle-income countries.…”