“…In the context of roadway work zone safety, a few studies [21], [22], [23] have utilized VR to explore worker behavior across different contexts and technological settings. Also, some studies within healthcare and military sectors [24], [25], [26] have reported the use of AR simulations within VR environments. However, a critical question is the extent to which VR-simulated AR can effectively mimic the complexities of real-world dynamics and accurately record reaction times in the context of safety within roadway work zones.…”