Comparative virulence of Nosema ceranae and Nosema apis in individual European honey bees

Forsgren, Eva; Fries, Ingemar

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.02.010

Cited by 212 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…On the other hand, very little is known about the factors responsible for making N. ceranae spores non-viable in bee products. N. ceranae will lose viability during freezing (Forsgren and Fries, 2010), but it is more resistant to heat than its congener (Fenoy et al, 2009). It is likely that temperatures and/or exposures higher than required for N. apis spore destruction will also render N. ceranae spores non-viable.…”

Section: Type Of Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higes et al, 2007;Paxton et al, 2007;Maistrello et al, 2008;Forsgren and Fries, 2010). The volume of the inoculum can be 5 to 10 ml, amounts that are readily consumed by bees.…”

Section: Individual Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular regarding N. ceranae, it can be considered as a key point because of the high sensibility to cold temperatures of N. ceranae, spores (Forsgren and Fries, 2010). N. apis spores also loose infectivity after freezing, but in a matter of years (Bailey, 1972) rather than a week as shown for N. ceranae (Fries, 2010).…”

Section: Viability Control Of Nosema Sporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Honey bees exposed to spores can be collected 10 days post infection when the infection appears to be almost fully developed for both Nosema spp. Martin-Hernandez et al, 2011;Forsgren and Fries, 2010) and the ventriculus examined for the presence of spores.…”

Section: In Vivo Test For Spore Viabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higes et al, 2007;Martín-Hernández et al, 2009;Forsgren and Fries, 2010), effects of parasitism on host mortality (e.g. Paxton et al, 2007), immunity (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Standard methods forNosemaresearch

Fries

Chauzat²,

Chen³

et al. 2013

Journal of Apicultural Research

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SummaryMethods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine colony level infections at a given point in time, but also for following the temporal infection dynamics.Suggestions are made for how to standardise field trials for evaluating treatments and disease impact. The laboratory methods described include different means for determining colony level and individual bee infection levels and methods for species determination, including light microscopy, electron microscopy, and molecular methods (PCR). Suggestions are made for how to standardise cage trials, and different inoculation methods for infecting bees are described, including control methods for spore viability. A cell culture system for in vitro rearing of Nosema spp. is described. Finally, how to conduct different types of experiments are described, including infectious dose, dose effects, course of infection and longevity tests. Métodos estándar para la investigación sobre Nosema ResumenSe describen procedimientos para trabajar con Nosema apis y Nosema ceranae en el campo y en el laboratorio. Para el trabajo de campo, se describen diferentes métodos de muestreo para determinar infecciones al nivel de colonia en un momento determinado, y también para el seguimiento de la dinámica temporal de infección. Se hacen sugerencias para la forma de estandarizar los ensayos de campo para evaluar los tratamientos y el impacto de la enfermedad. Los métodos de laboratorio descritos incluyen diferentes formas de determinar los niveles de infección al nivel de colonia y de abeja individual, y los métodos para la determinación de las especies, incluyendo microscopía óptica, microscopía electrónica y métodos moleculares (PCR). Se hacen sugerencias para estandarizar los ensayos con cajas, y se describen diferentes métodos de inoculación para infectar abejas, incluyendo métodos de control para la viabilidad de las esporas. Se describe un sistema de cultivo celular para la cría in vitro de Nosema spp. Finalmente, se describe cómo llevar a cabo diferentes tipos de experimentos, incluyendo la dosis infecciosa, efectos de la dosis, curso de la infección y las pruebas de longevidad.

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Section: Type Of Foodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higes et al, 2007;Paxton et al, 2007;Maistrello et al, 2008;Forsgren and Fries, 2010). The volume of the inoculum can be 5 to 10 ml, amounts that are readily consumed by bees.…”

Section: Individual Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viability Control Of Nosema Sporesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In Vivo Test For Spore Viabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higes et al, 2007;Martín-Hernández et al, 2009;Forsgren and Fries, 2010), effects of parasitism on host mortality (e.g. Paxton et al, 2007), immunity (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations