Comparative Value of Some Blood Substitutes Used for Treatment of Experimental Shock

Scott, Charles C.; Worth, H; Robbins, Edward

doi:10.1001/archsurg.1944.01230010325006

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…KLEINBERG [828] found gelatin to be about equal to or less effective than physiological saline solution; SERKES [1317] showed the superiority of plasma over physiological saline solution (see also [636]). Only SCOTT et al [1305] showed a similar effect in dogs after infusion of 70/0 (!) gelatin solution compared with fresh plasma.…”

Section: H Dextran or Gelatin?mentioning

confidence: 87%

Blood Replacement

Gruber¹

1969

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in any form withoutwritten permission from Springer-Verlag. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1969. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 69-16845Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1969The use of general descriptive names, trade marks, etc. in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. Title-No. 1551 Dedicated to my wife LisaEs wurde fertig in Deiner Hut. Bleib Du mir auf dieser Erden, so 5011 alles fertig werden. THOMAS MANN ForewordThe manifold problems of shock are still of great importance, diagnostic and therapeutic experience of the "severely ill" being supplied with new information almost every month. In the 5 periodicals which have found their way to my desk during the past few days there are no less than 10 interesting articles on questions concerning shock research [see Bibliography 41 b, 53 a, 60 a, 192 a, 242 a, 350 b, 810 a, 941 a, 1069 a, 1082 a]. The most urgent point still is to maintain as complete as possible the objective catalog of the various shock manifestations found in man and in animals -yet at the same time to view interpretations of these phenomena in their relative and temporal "truth".Problems of shock research are not only interesting for their scientific value but also for their clinical implication. In particular, almost every practicing physician is facing problems of blood replacement very frequently. The effective or circulating blood volume remains an important theoretical and therapeutic problem in the shock field. For years, U. F. GRUBER has pursued this question clinically and experimentally. This volume deals with the world literature in an exceptionally thorough manner. This book is made more than a compilation by including a long list of original work done with F. D. MOORE in Boston, in the Surgical Department in Chur, with L. E. GELIN and S. E. BERGENTZ in Goteborg and in the Laboratory for Experimental Surgery in Davos; judgements are made on the basis of original studies, and essential points are separated from unimportant ones. This volume will be welcomed by the medical profession because it carefully treats vital questions concerning this complicated, much-discussed, and in part contested field, considering that today, along with various forms of blood and several plasma preparations, there are more than 40 different plasma replacement substances available with various physico-chemical, biological and pharmacological properties. Older preparations have been abandoned, others modified, and new ones appear.A comparative evaluation of the chemical characteristics, the range of indication and the therapeutic effectiveness of these solutions suggests itself particularly at this time because in recent years the use of large amounts of balanced electrolyte solutions tended to reverse the principles of blood replaceme...

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Section: H Dextran or Gelatin?mentioning

confidence: 87%

Blood Replacement

Gruber¹

1969

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“…The method has been described previously (4,5). A few minutes before applying the tourniquets, the volume of both lower extremities was measured by immersion in water in a 20-liter percolator.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Failure of Local Fluid Loss to Account for Death in Experimental Shock

Scott

1946

J. Clin. Invest.

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Since the initial work of Phemister (1, 2) and Blalock (3), a large volume of evidence has accumulated which supports the theory that the initiating or primary factor of secondary shock is local fluid loss. In consequence, this concept today is more widely accepted than any other. There is no denying that this factor is one of great importance and in many cases no other explanation may be necessary to explain death. Certainly, in the original works mentioned above, the local fluid loss was very large and occurred quite rapidly, the lost fluid consisting mainly of whole blood. Death happened early or the experiment was stopped and the animal killed. In many cases of shock, however, the progression of events does not proceed so rapidly. Furthermore, the fluid lost from the circulation may be practically pure plasma. Under these circumstances, it is possible that other factors may be more important in causing death.An important criticism of previous reports demonstrating the quantity of local fluid loss lies in the fact that recovery of the animal could not take place. The design of the experiments was such that to determine the amount of lost fluid, the animal had to be killed if it did not die. The body was transected in the mid-abdominal region and the right and left lower extremities separated at the mid-line, in order to compare the increase of weight of the traumatized leg over the normal. It was thus impossible by this technique to compare fluid loss of animals in shock which recover spontaneously, and those which die. In the following work, this objection was overcome, local fluid loss being measured while the animals were living. METHODShock was produced by application of pneumatic venous tourniquets to both thighs in healthy mongrel dogs anesthetized with "Seconal Sodium" (Sodium Propyl-methylcarbinyl Allyl Barbiturate, Lilly). The method has been described previously (4,5). A few minutes before applying the tourniquets, the volume of both lower extremities was measured by immersion in water in a 20-liter percolator. Connected to the latter through the bottom outlet was a 5 mm. (outside diameter) glass standpipe, near the top of which was an etched line. The dog was suspended by the forelimbs and jaw with a differential pulley and lowered into the percolator until the iliac crests of the innominate bones were directly at water level. Adjustment was then made by adding or removing water plus raising or lowering the dog until the meniscus in the standpipe was exactly at the etched line and the iliac crests at water level. The dog was then hoisted from the water, allowed to drain a few seconds and removed from the pulley. The amount of water necessary to refill the percolator to the same level was then ascertained. With practice, it was possible to obtain successive measurements within 25 ml., which is a small error when the total measures 3000 to 5000 ml. At least two measurements were made for each leg volume determination.Immediately following removal of the tourniquets, leg volume was again measured, and...

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“…60 * APRIL 6,1945 vive an otherwise fatal injury if isotonic sodium salts were administered by any route in amounts of 10 percent of body weight (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). This effect is a function of the cation, as all sodium salts behave similarly, and the evidence so far obtained indicates that it is specific for the sodium ion, since nonelectrolytes had little or no effect, while potassium salts were deleterious.2…”

Section: Public Health Reportsmentioning

confidence: 99%