Comparative toxicology of phenolic compounds using root elongation method

Wang, Wuncheng C.

doi:10.1002/etc.5620051005

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The coefficients of variation obtained by dividing standard deviation by mean value are 55, 36 and 62%, respectively. Again, these values are very close to those in the previous study [15]: 61, 33 and 64070, respectively. The high variability in the range of 30 to 60% as expressed by the coefficient of variation is characteristic of the root elongation test, the reason being that each plant seed can vary independently in continual variation from 0 to more than 100 mm.…”

Section: Control Testssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Lettuce seeds showed the highest percentage of germination (99Vo), followed by millet (93%) and cucumber (89%). These results are nearly identical to those of the previous study [15] in which the percentages were 99, 94 and 89070, respectively. Combining all six tests, the means and standard deviations for cucumber, lettuce and millet root elongation are 55 ?…”

Section: Control Testssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The experiments were conducted in the same manner as in previous studies [13,15]. The seeds were treated with ChloroxTM at a 1 : l O dilution ratio for 20 min and washed five times.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, Wang [15] conducted a comparative study of root elongation of cucumber, lettuce and millet seeds. The first two seeds are the species recommended by the EPA, FDA and OECD; the last was of the same stock used in previous studies [12,13,15]. Millet seeds showed a clearly greater sensitivity to phenolic compounds than did cucumber and lettuce seeds, and their response was more regular and predictable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants

Wang

1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

111

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Cucumber and lettuce are the biological test species recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Food and Drug Administration and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development for toxicity testing and environmental assessment. Millet is a riverine species widely distributed in the Midwest. The Illinois State Water Survey has conducted several studies using this species and the results show the millet to be rather promising for toxicity testing. The objective of this study was to compare the responses of lettuce, cucumber and millet seeds to heavy metals, including Cd, Cr(VI), Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn. Lettuce was most sensitive to metal toxicity, while results for cucumber and millet were mixed. The millet seeds, however, did show a predictable pattern of response similar to their response to phenolic toxicity. There was a fairly good correlation between 50% effect concentrations and no observed effect concentrations for millet (R2 = 0.858). Lettuce and millet seeds are recommended for use together in toxicity tests of unknown, complex hazardous substances.

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Section: Control Testssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Control Testssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The experiments were conducted in the same manner as in previous studies [13,15]. The seeds were treated with ChloroxTM at a 1 : l O dilution ratio for 20 min and washed five times.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants

Wang

1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

111

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“…Once hydrated, seeds undergo rapid changes. During metabolism, nutrient transport, and cell division in the germination process, seeds are sensitive to the presence of environmental stressors ( Wang, 1986 ). This sensitivity and the easy availability of plant seeds and minimum maintenance requirements of seedlings makes seedlings ideal test organisms for use in toxicity assays, such as germination and growth assays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biosolids‐Amended Soils: Part I. Effect of Biosolids Application on Soil Quality and Ecotoxicity

Banks¹,

Schwab²,

Cofield³

et al. 2006

Water Environment Research

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Investigations of potential risk from biosolids generally indicate that land application does not threaten human or ecosystem health, but questions continue to arise concerning the environmental effects of this practice. This research project was initiated to evaluate ecotoxicity resulting from the amendment of soils with biosolids from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Toxicity was evaluated using standard tests, including earthworm mortality, growth, and reproduction; seedling germination and root elongation; microbial respiration; and nematode mortality and reproduction. Nineteen municipal wastewater treatment plants were identified to participate in an initial screening of toxicity, and five were chosen for a more detailed evaluation. In addition, two soils with historically high applications of high‐metal biosolids were evaluated. Contaminants examined were zinc, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Single applications had no effect on soil metal concentrations. Coplanar PCBs were not detectable in any of the soils or biosolids. All target organisms were sensitive to reference toxicants. Limited toxicity was observed in a small number of the amended soils, but no patterns emerged. Approximately one‐half of the negative effects of biosolids on bioindicators could be attributed to routine properties, such as slight depression of pH and/or elevated salinity. None of the accumulated metal concentrations were excessive, and most would not be considered elevated. These observations suggest that current regulations for application of biosolids to soils are providing adequate ecosystem protection.

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Chromate ion as a reference toxicant for aquatic phytotoxicity tests

Wang

1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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To conduct toxicity tests, it is essential to include controls to ascertain the health of the test organisms. The common practice is to include negative controls in every test. That positive controls are not used is perhaps because there is no consensus about the reference toxicant. The objective of this study was to test chromate ion as a candidate for reference toxicant. Two aquatic phytotoxicity tests were performed: a millet root elongation test and a duckweed test. To the same test species, the Cr(VI) toxic effect was very consistent in repeated experiments. The toxic effects to millet were nearly identical in both deionized water and sewage effluent samples. The toxic effect to duckweed was also highly repeatable in 59 water samples from 18 sample stations. The results suggest that the Cr(VI) ion can be used as a general reference toxicant in river water, lake water or wastewater samples. The concentration‐effect relationships, however, are different, depending on the test organisms.

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Comparative toxicology of phenolic compounds using root elongation method

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants

Root elongation method for toxicity testing of organic and inorganic pollutants

Biosolids‐Amended Soils: Part I. Effect of Biosolids Application on Soil Quality and Ecotoxicity

Chromate ion as a reference toxicant for aquatic phytotoxicity tests

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