“…where β and M are constant and Taylor factor, respectively, G m and b are shear modulus and Burgers vector, respectively. ρ CTE is the density of the GNDs and can be found using the following formula: 12,22 ρ CTE = A Δα ΔTv P bd P (6) where A is the geometric constant of the particle, Δα is the difference in CTE, ΔT is the temperature difference, v P and d P are volume fraction and diameter of the particle, respectively. The enhancement in strength can be calculated by following the equation.…”