Comparative study on decentralized treatment technologies for sewage and graywater reuse – a review

Abstract

Currently, reservoirs, lakes, rivers etc. are being overloaded by the demand for fresh water, due to rapid industrialization and population explosion, and also the effluents from industries and domestic wastewater are continuously polluting these resources. To address this issue, several decentralized wastewater treatment system (DWTS) have been installed all over the globe to reuse and recycle wastewater/graywater for non-potable uses such as fire protection, toilet-flushing, and landscape irrigation. In this review, a comparison between different DWTS was carried out to evaluate their performance, merits and limitations. Hybrid technologies like the electrically enhanced biomass concentrator reactor and integration of physical/ biological methods with bio-electrochemical systems such as microbial fuel cells were found to be the most promising methods for near complete removal of pollutants from wastewater and also the issue of membrane fouling was reduced to a good extent.

Techno‐economical optimization using Box–Behnken (BB) design for chemical oxygen demand and chloride reduction from hospital wastewater by electro‐coagulation

“…Even today, the engineers' main focus is to build a technology that can treat wastewater on‐site, or treat wastewater in a decentralized manner. In this respect, the EC method also proves to be the appropriate technology for on‐site wastewater treatment (Bajpai, Katoch, & Chaturvedi, 2019).…”

Improved decolorization of dye wastewater and enhanced power output in the electrically stacked microbial fuel cells with H2O2 modified corncob anodes

“…9,10 Additionally, the MFC can use a wide variety of feedstocks as substrates. [11][12][13] Dye wastewater is one of those feedstocks which MFC can use to generate electricity. [14][15][16] The key practical challenges of this technology are indeed the high cost of the electrode materials and the complexities in scaling up.…”

Effect of the famine phase length on the properties of aerobic granular sludge treating greywater

“…The installation of decentralized greywater treatment systems to reclaim water for non-potable uses and nutrients, requires a set of low footprint and efficient technologies (Bajpai et al 2019). Greywater can be efficiently treated by sequencing batch reactors (SBR) with aerobic granular sludge (AGS), which is a biofilm that presents remarkable properties, such as high density (κg) and settling velocity (v s ), low sludge volume index and a structure which withstands toxics and organic shocks with high substrate (r s ) and oxygen (OUR) uptake rates (Sengar et al 2018;Sharaf et al 2019;Avila et al 2021).…”