Comparative Study of Trichuris trichiura from Non-Human Primates and from Man, and Their Difference with T.suis.

Ooi, Hong-Kean; Tenora, F.; Itoh, Kazuhiro; Kamiya, Masao

doi:10.1292/jvms.55.363

Cited by 47 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…A great deal of whipworms eggs found in the faeces of non-human primates have been classified as T. trichiura (e.g. Ooi et al 1993, Reichard et al 2008, Lee et al 2010. Such a tentative placement may imply the broad zoonotic cross-transmission between non-human primates and humans (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Trichuris lemuris Rudolphi, 1819 and Trichuris cynocephalus Khera, 1951 are together with Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) species described from primates (Khera 1951, Chabaud et al 1964. Since infections with whipworms in primates were usually diagnosed as those caused by T. trichiura (see Ooi et al 1993, Reichard et al 2008, Lee et al 2010, several authors have expected zoonotic cross-transmission between non-human primates and humans (Munene et al 1998, Chapman et al 2006.…”

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confidence: 99%

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How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The whipworms, i.e. parasitic nematodes of the genus Trichuris Roederer, 1761, infect a variety of mammals. Apparently low diversity of primate-infecting species of Trichuris strongly contrasts with the high number of species described in other mammalian hosts. The present study addresses the diversity of whipworms in captive and free-ranging primates and humans by analysing nuclear (18S rRNA, ITS2) and mitochondrial (cox1) DNA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that primate whipworms form two independent lineages: (i) the Trichuris trichiura (Linnaeus, 1771) clade comprised of genetically almost identical whipworms from human and other primates, which suggests the ability of T. trichiura to infect a broader range of primates; (ii) a clade containing primarily Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788, where isolates from human and various primates formed a sister group to isolates from pigs; the former isolates thus may represent of more species of Trichuris in primates including humans. The analysis of cox1 has shown the polyphyly of the genera Trichuris and Capillaria, Zeder, 1800. High sequence similarity of the T. trichiura isolates from humans and other primates suggests their zoonotic potential, although the extent of transmission between human and other non-human primates remains questionable and requires further study.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages

et al. 2015

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“…Even though a range of different morphometric characters has been measured, most show overlapping ranges (Beer, 1976;Ooi et al, 1993;Spakulova, 1994;Cutillas et al, 2009). Although spicule length seemed to hold the most promise as a discriminating characteristic, contrasting results have been reported (Spakulova, 1994;Cutillas et al, 2009).…”

Section: Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past

et al. 2012

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The two geohelminths, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, infect more than a billion people worldwide but are only reported sporadically in the developed part of the world. In contrast, the closely related species A. suum and T. suis in pigs have a truly global distribution, with infected pigs found in most production systems. In areas where pigs and humans live in close proximity or where pig manure is used as fertilizer on vegetables for human consumption, there is a potential risk of cross-infections. We therefore review this relationship between Ascaris and Trichuris in the human and pig host, with special focus on recent evidence concerning the zoonotic potential of these parasites, and identify some open questions for future research.

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“…This is interesting, since adult worms, larvae, and eggs obtained from Trichuris infections of these two hosts are hard or impossible to distinguish based on morphology (Beer, 1973;Soulsby, 1982), as most characters have overlapping ranges and the minor differences (e.g. spicule length) could be host induced (Ooi et al, 1993;Spakulova, 1994;Cutillas et al, 2009). Sequence analysis of the ITS-2 region of sympatric worm material as well as a comparison of the ITS regions of eggs from non-human primates and pig worms, suggests that Trichuris of the two hosts represents two different species but also that T. suis may be a zoonosis (Cutillas et al, 2009;Nissen, 2009).…”

Section: Worm Species and Zoonotic Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helminth parasites in pigs: New challenges in pig production and current research highlights

Roepstorff

Mejer

Nejsum

et al. 2011

Veterinary Parasitology

139

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a b s t r a c tHelminths in pigs have generally received little attention from veterinary parasitologists, despite Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, and Oesophagostomum sp. being common worldwide. The present paper presents challenges and current research highlights connected with these parasites.In Danish swine herds, new indoor production systems may favour helminth transmission and growing knowledge on pasture survival and infectivity of A. suum and T. suis eggs indicates that they may constitute a serious threat to outdoor pig production. Furthermore, it is now evident that A. suum is zoonotic and the same may be true for T. suis. With these 'new' challenges and the economic impact of the infections, further research is warranted. Better understanding of host-parasite relationships and A. suum and T. suis egg ecology may also improve the understanding and control of human A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections.The population dynamics of the three parasites are well documented and may be used to study phenomena, such as predisposition and worm aggregation. Furthermore, better methods to recover larvae have provided tools for quantifying parasite transmission. Thus, an on-going study using helminth naïve tracer pigs has surprisingly demonstrated that soil infectivity with A. suum and T. suis increases during the first 2-3 years after pasture contamination.Though all three helminth species stimulate the Th2 arm of the immune system, Oesophagostomum seems weakly immunogenic, perhaps via specific modulation of the host immune system. A. suum and T. suis potently modulate the host immune response, up-regulating Th2 and down-regulating Th1. As a consequence, A. suum may compromise the efficacy of certain bacterial vaccines, whereas T. suis, which establish only short-term in humans, is a favourite candidate for down-regulating autoimmune Th1-related diseases in man.Some basic research findings have offered new possibilities for future sustainable control measures. For example, the heredity of host resistance to A. suum and T. suis is so high that breeding for resistant pigs may be a possibility. Experimental studies have demonstrated that fermentable dietary carbohydrates have an antagonistic effect on Oesophagostomum and to a lesser extent on T. suis and A. suum, whereas egg-destroying microfungi may be used to inactivate the hard-shelled A. suum and T. suis eggs in the environment.Helminth control in Denmark has previously relied solely on anthelmintic treatment in herds with low helminth transmission. When indoor transmission rates * Corresponding author. Tel.: +45 3533 2746. increase, or in outdoor herds with high pasture contamination levels, medication may advantageously be combined with sustainable control measures, such as selected pig genomes, bioactive forages, and egg-destroying microfungi.

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Comparative Study of Trichuris trichiura from Non-Human Primates and from Man, and Their Difference with T.suis.

Cited by 47 publications

References 3 publications

How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages

How many species of whipworms do we share? Whipworms from man and other primates form two phylogenetic lineages

Assessing the zoonotic potential ofAscaris suumandTrichuris suis: looking to the future from an analysis of the past

Helminth parasites in pigs: New challenges in pig production and current research highlights

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