Comparative Study of the Yield and Chemical Profile of Rose Oils and Hydrosols Obtained by Industrial Plantations of Oil-Bearing Roses in Bulgaria

Abstract

Bulgaria is famous for its oil-bearing rose. R. damascena Mill. and R. alba L. are mainly cultivated in the country, but a recent survey of industrial plantations in 2020 revealed that R. centifolia L. and hybrids of R. damascena Mill. X R. gallica L. are also common in the rose valley. Although their essential oil cannot be compared in quality with the classic, these species are preferred by farmers with high yields of flowers and resistance to diseases and pests. All these roses are also used to produce rose water and extracts. The aim of this investigation was to compare the yield and chromatographic fingerprints of seven rose oils and hydrosols produced in Bulgaria. The quantitative composition of the main components of the oils was compared with the norms of the world standards. Our study showed that the yield of essential oil from these roses was in the range of 0.015–0.048%. The main group in the chemical composition is terpene alcohols, which vary in range: geraniol (15.85–34.02%), citronellol (6.70–28.72%), and nerol (5.80–11.90%) but with a different ratio. Hydrocarbons are represented by saturated aliphatic homologs with an odd number of carbon atoms, the main ones being nonadecane (8.10–22.67%), heneicosane (4.37–10.21%), heptadecane (1.07–2.98%), and triclosan (0.81–5.90%). In contrast, the chemical profile of the hydrosols was performed using phenylethyl alcohol (27.45–69.88%), geraniol (13.72–28.67%), and citronelol+nerol (4.56–17.37%). The results show that the presence of plantations with a genotype different from that of R. damascena implies differences in the quality of rose oils and hydrosols. This determines their properties of use.

Microaerobic Fermentation Enables High-Titer Biosynthesis of the Rose Monoterpenes Geraniol and Geranyl Acetate in Escherichia coli

“…In addition, geranyl acetate is another component of rose oil, accounting for about 0.3−0.6% of its total constituents. 2 Geraniol is widely used in food, personal-care and pharmaceutical industry, with a market value at $13.73 billion in 2022 with a compound annual growth rate CAGR of 7%. 3 Particularly, its demand in the clothing goods, alcoholic beverages, and frozen foods is growing rapidly.…”

“…Rose oils are rich in volatile molecules; among them, monoterpenes play a critical role in characterizing rose scents . According to a very recent study published in 2023, geraniol is the most abundant monoterpene (13.7–28.7%) in various rose oils in the Kazanlak valley (or rose valley, Bulgaria), which is famous for its rose industry and produces about half (1.7 tonnes) of the world’s rose oil . The second most abundant monoterpene in rose oil is citronellol, which is in the range of 4.6–17.4%.…”

“…The second most abundant monoterpene in rose oil is citronellol, which is in the range of 4.6–17.4%. In addition, geranyl acetate is another component of rose oil, accounting for about 0.3–0.6% of its total constituents . Geraniol is widely used in food, personal-care and pharmaceutical industry, with a market value at $13.73 billion in 2022 with a compound annual growth rate CAGR of 7% .…”

“…1 According to a very recent study published in 2023, geraniol is the most abundant monoterpene (13.7−28.7%) in various rose oils in the Kazanlak valley (or rose valley, Bulgaria), which is famous for its rose industry and produces about half (1.7 tonnes) of the world's rose oil. 2 The second most abundant monoterpene in rose oil is citronellol, which is in the range of 4.6−17.4%. In addition, geranyl acetate is another component of rose oil, accounting for about 0.3−0.6% of its total constituents.…”

Genotoxic and Anti-Genotoxic Potential of Hydrosols from Water–Steam Distillation of Oil-Bearing Roses Rosa centifolia L. and Rosa gallica L. from Bulgaria

“…Along with Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L., Rosa centifolia L. and Rosa gallica L. are valuable raw materials used for the production of rose oil and rose hydrosol [9][10][11][12]. toxic/genotoxic effect and cytoprotective/genoprotective potential of R. centifolia L. and R. gallica L. hydrosols against a well-known alkylating mutagen, N-methyl-N ′ -nitro-Nnitrosoguanidine (MNNG), in a series of broadly used genotoxicity tests and appropriate experimental schemes in two different test systems.…”