Comparative Study of the Effects of Metformin and Garlic Extract on Hippocampal Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ATPase, Ca<sup>2+</sup> ATPase and Glutamine Synthetase Activities in Type II Diabetic Wistar Rat

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus has not ceased to be on rise in spite of the continuous research on its management. Brain dysfunction associated with Diabetes mellitus especially Type II has been the great concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of insulin sensitizing drug metformin and ethanolic extract of garlic on membrane bound enzymes Na + /K + ATPase, Ca 2+ ATPase and glutamate-glutamine cycle enzyme, Glutamine Synthetase activities in the hippocampus of streptozotocin-Nicotinamide induced Type II Diabetic rats. Twenty four male wistar rats weighted 120-150 g were used and divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group A was non-diabetic (Control) and Groups B, C and D were diabetic. Group B received no treatment (DNT) while Groups C and D were treated with 1000 mg/kg of ethanolic garlic extract (EGE) and 50 mg/kg of metformin (MET) respectively orally for three weeks. All the groups were fed on standard rat chow with water ad libitum. Blood glucose was monitored weekly. Animals were sacrificed and the brains were removed and hippocampi were carefully excised and homogenate were obtained. Homogenate was analyzed for Na + /K + ATPase, Ca 2+ ATPase and Glutamine Synthetase (GS) activities. MET and EGE significantly reduced the blood glucose levels. There was a significant increase in the activities of hippocampal Na+/K + ATPase, Ca 2+ ATPase and GS in MET and

Glycoprotein Levels and Oxidative Stomach Damage in Diabetes and Prostate Cancer Model: Protective Effect of Metformin

“…54 In a study conducted on diabetic rats, it was found that metformin increased Na + /K + -AT-Pase activity. 55 In the present study, it was found that Na + / K + -ATPase activity decreased in diabetes, cancer and dia-betes+cancer groups. Metformin increased the activity of Na + /K + -ATPase when given compared to the experimental groups.…”

Oxidative brain and cerebellum injury in diabetes and prostate cancer model: Protective effect of metformin

“…More so, the present findings are consistent with reports showing metformin intake could induce the reduction of OH-proline levels and the activation of Na + /K + -ATPase. [67,68] Metformin is reported to significantly reduce CA activity in STZinduced diabetic rats when compared with normal control. [69] There is evidence linking G6PDH deficiency to a higher risk of type 2 DM development.…”

“…More so, the present findings are consistent with reports showing metformin intake could induce the reduction of OH‐proline levels and the activation of Na + /K + ‐ATPase. [ 67,68 ]…”

Effect of aqueous and organic solvent extraction on in-vitro antimicrobial activity of two varieties of fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum)

“…In Uganda, two varieties of ginger and garlic are available in the food markets and are commonly used as medicinal plants and condiments in food preparation to improve the flavor and aroma of food as well as the keeping quality ( Muhanji, 2009 ; Safiriyu et al., 2018 ). The indigenous people (suppliers and consumers) refer to the varieties as “local” ginger and “hybrid” ginger, and “local” garlic and “hybrid/Chinese” garlic.…”