Comparative Study of the Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled With Different Calcium Carbonate Resources

Mogy, Soma A. El; Darwish, N. A.; Awad, A.

doi:10.1002/vnl.21745

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…By knowing the relationsh the hardness number and the stiffness modulus in small deformations and com results with tensile and rheometer tests, the accuracy of the results is verified searchers have analyzed the effect of adding different fillers such as silica, ca and CaCO3 to the rubber matrix on mechanical properties. The hardness of nat vulcanisates filled with micro-or nanosized fillers has been studied, and the r trate that the hardness of filled-NR vulcanisates increases with filler loading; t age of this growth is entirely related to particle size, dispersion method, the cent of fillers, and the filler's characteristics [44][45][46][47]. The highest tear strength is observed in the W410-solvent sample, which increased by 80% compared to the control compound.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties-hardness Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other researchers have analyzed the effect of adding different fillers such as silica, carbon black, and CaCO 3 to the rubber matrix on mechanical properties. The hardness of natural rubber vulcanisates filled with micro-or nanosized fillers has been studied, and the results illustrate that the hardness of filled-NR vulcanisates increases with filler loading; the percentage of this growth is entirely related to particle size, dispersion method, the weight percent of fillers, and the filler's characteristics [44][45][46][47].…”

Section: Mechanical Properties-hardness Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of the Dispersion Method on the Morphological, Curing, and Mechanical Properties of NR/SBR Reinforced with Nano-Calcium Carbonate

Damircheli

MajidiRad

2023

Polymers

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There are several reasons for the development of nanopolymer compounds, such as improving physical, mechanical, and chemical properties, increasing lifespan, reducing costs, and decreasing negative environmental impact. The compatibility of two rubbers and mineral nanofillers in nanocomposites is a challenge that needs to be studied, and the effect of nanofillers on morphological, physical, and mechanical properties should be investigated accordingly. In this study, calcium carbonate nanoparticles were added to a polymer compound that included natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), vulcanization accelerators, and other additives. For mixing nanoparticles in the polymer matrix, various methods were used, including the solvent method in toluene and W410 solvents and the surface modification of calcium carbonate nanoparticles with stearic acid. The effect of dispersion nanoparticles in nanocomposite specimens on morphology, curing characteristics, and mechanical properties was studied. The morphologies of specimens were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The particle size of the nanocomposite was approximately 34 nm, and the interlayer spacing between crystal plates increased from 2.81 nm to 3.03 nm. These results indicate a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles, specifically with an optimum content of 3.52%, in the compounds prepared through all mixing methods, with no agglomeration observed in the nanocomposites. The results of the nanocomposites’ curing characterization demonstrate that with the addition of nanoparticles, a strong bond is created in the polymer chains, and curing properties are improved. Among the dispersion methods, the highest percentage improvement in curing properties is observed with the solvent method W410. To evaluate the effect of the addition of calcium carbonate nanoparticles and the dispersion method on improving mechanical properties, tensile, tear, hardness, and rebound resilience tests were performed. In tensile tests, the surface modification method showed the highest enhancement in ultimate stress (80%), followed by the W410 method (64%) and toluene method (63.7%). Tear strength improvements were highest in the W410-solvent sample (80%), followed by the surface modification method (57%) and the solvent-toluene method (50%). The W410 method resulted in the hardest samples, while the surface-modified samples had the lowest hardness. The addition of CaCO3 nanofillers reduced rebound resilience, with the W410 method experiencing the largest reduction (10.64%), followed by the toluene method (6.38%), and with the surface-modified samples showing the lowest reduction (4.25%). The results show that in the W410 solvent method, the nanocomposite is more elastic than for other methods. Additionally, for most of the mechanical properties, the W410 method results in the most growth in improvement.

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Section: Mechanical Properties-hardness Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mechanical Properties-hardness Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Dispersion Method on the Morphological, Curing, and Mechanical Properties of NR/SBR Reinforced with Nano-Calcium Carbonate

Damircheli

MajidiRad

2023

Polymers

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“…Moreover, the addition of 40 wt % filler caused a maximal wear rate reduction (by 125%) than the control HDPE. Natural rubber matrix reinforced with different sources of CaCO 3 was studied by El Mogy et al [ 35 ]. The authors used either eggshell or fishbone waste fillers (constant 30 wt %) and compared them to commercial calcium carbonate.…”

Section: Agricultural Waste Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Performance of Composites Reinforced with the Agricultural, Industrial and Post-Consumer Wastes: A Review

Sydow

Wojciechowski

et al. 2021

Materials

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Waste management is still one of the leading global challenges in the 21st century. From the European Union’s point of view, the Waste Framework Directive obliges businesses and households to recycle at least 55% of their municipal waste by 2025 and to reach 65% in 2035. Hence there is a great need to seek new solutions for the reuse of various waste materials. One of the most widely used wastes is their utilization as fillers or reinforcements in the metal- or polymer-based composites. The reuse of wastes for the production of tribological materials gives not only environmental benefits related to the transformation of waste into raw materials but also may improve the mechanical and tribological properties of such materials. Moreover, the use of waste reduces the production costs resulting from the lower price of filler materials and longer service life of developed products. The purpose of the current review is, therefore, aimed at the evaluation of the reuse of agricultural, industrial and postconsumer wastes as reinforcements in the composites used for tribological applications. The tribological performance (wear rate, coefficient of friction) of both monolithic and hybrid composites reinforced with waste materials was a particular subject of interest in this review.

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“…The characteristics of natural rubber may be enhanced by fabricating it through other synthetic rubbers. [10][11][12][13] Natural rubber (NR) is commonly blended with styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), the two most common rubbers used in the rubber industry. SBR provides improved weather resistance, fracture resistance, and wet grip in tire applications, but NR has reduced heat accumulation, better lowtemperature performance, and greater strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of the cure behavior and mechanical properties of nanoclay reinforced NR/SBR vulcanizates based on waste tire rubber

Mogy

Lawandy

2023

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials

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The most important goal of this work was to investigate the different physical and mechanical properties of the nanoclay (montmorillonite, MMT)-filled 50/50 wt.% of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber (NR/SBR) blend containing 40 phr of waste tire rubber (WTR) in the presence of bio-resin. The MMT was added into the NR/SBR/WTR blends and processed via a two-roll mill to prepare blends at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr of nanoclay filler and a constant concentration of 10 phr of bio-resin. The morphology, rheological, percent of swelling weight, and mechanical properties of the MMT-reinforced NR/SBR/WTR blends were examined. The cure characteristics of the blends showed that MMT significantly affected the scorch and vulcanization times, torques, and curing rate of NR/SBR/WTR blends at all filler contents. Also, the findings revealed that the MMT was an efficient reinforcing material for the NR/SBR/WTR blend, improving crosslink density, tensile and tear strengths, hardness, compression set, and abrasion resistance. The tensile strength of filled NR/SBR/WTR blends achieved its maximum value (11.2 MPa) when the MMT content was 15 phr. While the elongation percent of the filled blends decreased for all MMT concentrations compared with the pristine blend. The elastic modulus and tear strength of the blends improved as the MMT loading increased. The hardness (Shore A) continued to increase with increasing MMT loading. On the contrary, the rebound resilience gradually decreased leading to improved interaction between the matrix and filler.

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Comparative Study of the Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber Filled With Different Calcium Carbonate Resources

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

The Influence of the Dispersion Method on the Morphological, Curing, and Mechanical Properties of NR/SBR Reinforced with Nano-Calcium Carbonate

The Influence of the Dispersion Method on the Morphological, Curing, and Mechanical Properties of NR/SBR Reinforced with Nano-Calcium Carbonate

Tribological Performance of Composites Reinforced with the Agricultural, Industrial and Post-Consumer Wastes: A Review

Enhancement of the cure behavior and mechanical properties of nanoclay reinforced NR/SBR vulcanizates based on waste tire rubber

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