Comparative study of the biological action of the polysaccharide glucan and laminarin

Abstract

The intensification of nonspecific resistivity of macroorganisms caused by polysaccharides is a well established fact [3,9,15]. This protective action, due mainly to stimulation of the reticulo-endothelial system, occurs in different pathological conditions, especially in experimental infections and transplanted tumors in animals. There is however a lack of conclusive data on the relationship between the chemical structure and the biological action of the polysaccharides.A marked macromolecular heterogeneity of the microbial heteropolysaccharides has been found by a number of investigators [11,14]. R has been shown that molecules of relatively large dimensions are necessary for the appearance of biological activity of polysaccharides. Dissociation of polysaccharide macromolecules with the formation of smaller subunits is accompanied by considerable loss of biological activity. With reaggregation of the macromolecular complex the biological activity is restored [12].A study of the fine chemical structure of the heteropolysaccharides presents great difficulties, and therefore we have restricted ourselves to an investigation of the biological action of 2 homopolysaccharides, glucan and laminarin, the structure of which can be considered to have been interpreted. Both the polysaccharides are polyglucosides in which glucose residues are associated mainly with B-1,3-and to a smaller extent B-1,6-bonds.Glucan, a polysaccharide from the cellular membranes of the yeast fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, [5],is insoluble in cold and boiling water, diluted acids and alkalis,and organic solvents. Laminarin,* a polysaccharide from the alga Laminaria cloustoni, is readily soluble in boiling water [6]. It is assumed that the glucan moiecule is an unbranched chain in which groups of glucose residues joined by 8-1,3-bonds interchange with glucose residues joined by 13-1,6-bonds. The latter comprise 10-20% of the total number of bonds [13]. The laminarin als'o is an unbranched chain consisting of glucose residues joined by I3-1,3-bonds. On the ends of the chains are mannitol residues. The individual short chains are joined by B-1,6-bonds. The polymerization coefficient of laminarin is 20 and that of glucan 40 [10]. Apart from this, it is known [8] that the glucan molecules in the membrane of the yeast cells are connected by aeetylglucosamine residues. In our preparation there is about 3% hexosamine; it can therefore be assumed that the polysaccharide in question is a complex aggregate of molecules. EXPERIMENTAL METHODSThe study was on crossbred white mice weighing 16-18 g. The polysaccharides (glucan and laminarin) were injected into the animals once at different periods before inoculation intravenously or ~ntraperitoneally at a rate of 5 to 30 mg/kg. The mice of the control group received intravenously or intraperitoneally 0.5 ml physiological solution. The ability of polysaccharides to increase the resistivity of the organism was tested on mice in conditions of experimental sepsis caused by intraperitoneal injection of 1 DLM of the...

Effects of marine β−1,3 glucan on immune reactions

“…This investigation focused on Phycarine-a seaweedderived h-1,3 glucan corresponding to previously described laminarin. Laminarin was originally shown to increase phagocytosis [12] and defend against some infections [13]. However, after some papers describing rather confusing data [14], attention was directed to sulphated laminarin [15] that focused on different types of glucan.…”