Comparative Study of Morphology and Distribution of Valves in Human Retromandibular Vein

Abstract

The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution and morphology of the valves in the human retromandibular vein. The retromandibular, internal thoracic, azygos, femoral, and brachial veins were harvested from 46 cadavers donated to the Department of Anatomy at Tokyo Dental College for dissection. The frequency of the valves in each vein, the length of the cusps, and the thickness of the vein itself were measured.Valves were present at high frequency (92.1%) in the veins of the limbs and had cusps at least twice as long as the internal diameter of the vein. Veins in the trunk contained a lower frequency of valves, with cusps that tended to be shorter (1.60±0.77) than those of the venous valves in the limbs (2.12±0.60). The valves of the retromandibular vein tended to resemble venous valves in the trunk in terms of both frequency and morphology. The main function of venous valves in the limbs is to prevent retrograde flow. Conversely, valves in the veins of the trunk and retromandibular vein play a role in retaining blood in the veins, and their relationship to other veins means that they can cause major hemorrhage.

Free Flap Survival with External Jugular Vein as a Detour Due to Internal Jugular Vein Thrombosis

“…Although the anatomical literature generally asserts the absence of valves in most neck veins, and the possibility of communication between the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein, 5 there are reports suggesting a low probability of venous valves in the facial and retromandibular veins. 6 , 7 It remains uncertain whether retrograde venous blood flow occurs due to a lack of venous valves, as described in textbooks, or if pressure causes venous valves to open, leading to retrograde flow. The exact cause remains undetermined due to a lack of comprehensive examination.…”

Efficacy of the microscopic parachute end-to-side technique for creating large-to-small venous anastomoses in free flaps in the extremities

“… 19 , 20 , 21 Venous valves are found at a higher frequency, and each venous cusp is longer in the extremities than in the trunk. 27 Because the venous cusp can be trimmed carefully through a large window without damaging the intima ( Figs. 1 C and 2 ), the venous anastomosis can be performed on the venous valve with the MPETS technique.…”