Comparative study of gene expression and major proteins’ function of laticifers in lignified and unlignified organs of mulberry

Kitajima, Sakihito; Taira, Toki; Oda, Kenji; Yamato, Katsuyuki T.; Inukai, Yoshihiro; Hori, Yusuke S.

doi:10.1007/s00425-011-1533-6

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…In both types of laticifers, the identified proteins were products of mRNAs ranked in the top 30 most abundant mRNAs by a previous study (Kitajima et al 2012), except for one of the chitinases (band 1) and pathogenesisrelated (PR) protein-1 (band 11). They were all possible defense proteins against insects or microorganisms ( Kitajima and Sato 1999;Ma et al 2010;Subramanyam et al 2008;van Loon et al 2006), which is consistent with the idea that laticifers are specialized for defense against biotic stresses (Kitajima et al 2010(Kitajima et al , 2012Konno 2011).…”

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confidence: 70%

“…Figure 1A and B show the results for the laticifers of unlignified and lignified tissues, respectively. LAa, LA-b ( Figure 1A) and LA-c ( Figure 1B) were the most abundant proteins in the laticifers and had been identified previously (Kitajima et al 2010(Kitajima et al , 2012. LA-a is a protein equivalent to MLX56 reported by Wasano et al (2009).…”

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confidence: 75%

“…The mRNA of a hypothetical protein, which has a similar sequence to LA-a and b, was the most abundant mRNA in laticifers found in lignified tissue, but its protein product was not detected in these tissues (Kitajima et al 2012). Moreover, a BURP domaincontaining protein, whose homologs in other plant species were suggested to be stress-related according to the accumulation pattern of their mRNAs (Ding et al 2009;Kim et al 2009;Lal et al 2009;Shin et al 2009;Xu et al 2010), was not detectable in mulberry laticifers when analyzed using polyclonal antibodies raised against its recombinant protein (unpublished results), although its transcript was abundant (the 11th and 7th ranks in laticifers of unlignified and lignified tissues, respectively) (Kitajima et al 2012). Therefore, in order to precisely understand the physiological roles of these laticifers, this study investigated the proteins that were abundant in mulberry laticifers.…”

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confidence: 89%

“…Previous studies found that two insecticidal chitinase-like proteins, named LA (Latex-abundant) -a and b, significantly accumulated in laticifers of the green-colored, unlignified tissues of mulberry (Morus alba, Moraceae), while antifungal class I chitinase (LA-c) was abundant in laticifers located in the brown-colored, lignified tissues (Kitajima et al 2010(Kitajima et al , 2012. The mRNAseq analysis indicated that the mRNAs of various possible biotic-stress-related proteins, as well as the three LA proteins, were highly abundant in mulberry laticifers (Kitajima et al 2012). However, this study found that mRNA levels were not always consistent with protein levels in laticifers.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…These were compared to the database using the Mascot program (Matrix Science, Boston, MA, USA). A sequence database of laticifer mRNAs for mulberry (DDBJ/ GenBank/EBI accession No.FX177585-FX178648 and FX179391-FX180059) was constructed according to the mRNA-seq analysis (Kitajima et al 2012). For confirmation, amino acid sequences of the proteins were analyzed by Edman degradation using a protein sequencer, PPSQ-30 (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Laticifers in mulberry exclusively accumulate defense proteins related to biotic stresses

Kitajima

Yamamoto

Hirooka

et al. 2013

Plant Biotechnology

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A laticifer is an elongated tubular cell and its cytoplasmic content (latex) is thought to be involved in defense against herbivores and microbes. Previous studies investigated laticifer transcriptomes in the unlignified and lignified tissues of mulberry (Morus alba) but protein accumulation in laticifers in unlignified and lignified tissues is poorly understood, except the conclusion of a previous study that insecticidal chitinase-like proteins (LA-a and b) were abundant in the laticifers of unlignified tissues while antifungal class I chitinase (LA-c) was abundant in the laticifers of lignified tissues. In order to understand precisely the physiological roles of laticifers in these tissues, this study identified the major proteins in them using mass spectrometry and Edman sequencing after separation by ion-exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE. In addition to LA-a, b and c, this study has shown that mulberry laticifers accumulate large amounts of biotic-stress-related defense proteins, e.g., pathogenesis-related protein-1, β-1,3-glucanase, class V chitinase, osmotin and lectins. The abundance of some proteins varied among the laticifers of unlignified and lignified tissues, which suggested that the laticifers may have adapted to different threats.

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confidence: 89%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Laticifers in mulberry exclusively accumulate defense proteins related to biotic stresses

Kitajima

Yamamoto

Hirooka

et al. 2013

Plant Biotechnology

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Macroevolution of defense syndromes in Ficus (Moraceae)

Zhao

Segar²,

McKey

et al. 2020

Ecological Monographs

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Recursive adaptations and counter-adaptations of plant-feeding insects are thought to have driven chemical and physical diversity in plant defenses. Among existing theories on defensive diversity, the syndromes hypothesis predicts that plants may evolve suites of covarying defense traits along evolutionary arms races with herbivores. We use the large, phenotypically diverse angiosperm genus Ficus (Moraceae) to test the major predictions of this hypothesis: i) plant species will form distinctive combinations of defensive traits; ii) these traits will be correlated within each syndrome. Trait combinations need not map well onto phylogenies because plant species can converge onto similar trait values, but strong phylogenetic signal driven by selection (as opposed to drift) suggests roles for escalation and co-evolution. Finally, Ficus species with complementary combinations of defenses will be less susceptible to insect damage and harbor distinct insect communities. We quantified susceptibility to insect herbivory and nine leaf traits related to resource acquisition and defense in 36 Ficus species growing in a common-garden setting, in dry and wet seasons over two years. We recovered a set of three syndromes defined by relatively small sets of trait combinations. Broadly speaking, these syndromes grouped fig species with different life forms. For example, epiphytic figs had nutrient-poor, tough, tanninrich leaves, while free-standing trees tended to have leaves covered in trichomes and full of alkaloid-rich latex. When season and species identity were accounted for, the combination of two traits, higher C/N and higher latex tannin content, provided significantly stronger defense than did either trait taken singly. Several individual traits (C/N, latex tannin and trichome density) were significantly negatively correlated with herbivore damage, while alkaloid content was positively correlated (perhaps as a result of feeding by adapted herbivores). Several defensive traits influenced insect herbivore community structure. Finally, traits followed different evolutionary trajectories. While latex tannin, C/N and leaf tannin fit a Brownian-motion model of evolution, the first two escalating across Ficus phylogeny, others appeared to have more limited phylogenetic signal or tended to de-escalate. Overall, the patterns we detected support the concept of coordinated defense syndromes, demonstrating that evolutionary arms races can drive combinations of traits in this genus.

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