Comparative study of energy and footprint minimization limit for two types of graphene-assisted ring-shape modulators

Neves, Daniel M. C.; Silva, João B. R.

doi:10.1007/s11082-019-1991-9

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To simplify the simulation procedure but without losing any accuracy, both layers of graphene and the alumina one are replaced by a homogeneous waveguide, with the refraction index n homog given as n homog = n Si + α(µ, λ) + jβ(µ, λ) and ne f f graphene = ne f f homog , where α(µ, λ) and β(µ, λ) are the real and imaginary parts of the silicon refractive index being a function of the wavelength and chemical potential, respectively. Here, n Si is the silicon refractive index, and ne f f homog and ne f f graphene are the effective refraction index of the homogeneous and graphene-assisted waveguides, respectively [78]. In particular, this method renders a homogeneous waveguide instead of a classical heterogeneous waveguide with many layers, and consequently, several different indexes of refraction, with an estimated error of ∼0.05% only.…”

Section: Design Optimization and Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first graphene-based electro-absorption modulator was demonstrated in 2011 [74]. Since then, several graphene integrated modulators have been proposed [70][71][72][74][75][76][77][78]. Graphene-based modulators have already demonstrate their ability to outperform traditional modulators, but there is still plenty of room for optimization [68,72,[78][79][80][81].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, several graphene integrated modulators have been proposed [70][71][72][74][75][76][77][78]. Graphene-based modulators have already demonstrate their ability to outperform traditional modulators, but there is still plenty of room for optimization [68,72,[78][79][80][81]. It has been shown that judicious design and optimization of modulators can enable their unprecedented performance [68,72,[82][83][84].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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High data rate coverage, security, and energy efficiency will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation mobile systems. Dense, small mobile cells based on a novel network architecture are part of the answer. Motivated by the recent mounting interest in free-space optical (FSO) technologies, this paper addresses a novel mobile fronthaul network architecture based on FSO, spread spectrum codes, and graphene modulators for the creation of dense small cells. The network uses an energy-efficient graphene modulator to send data bits to be coded with spread codes for achieving higher security before their transmission to remote units via high-speed FSO transmitters. Analytical results show the new fronthaul mobile network can accommodate up to 32 remote antennas under error-free transmissions with forward error correction. Furthermore, the modulator is optimized to provide maximum efficiency in terms of energy consumption per bit. The optimization procedure is carried out by optimizing both the amount of graphene used on the ring resonator and the modulator’s design. The optimized graphene modulator is used in the new fronthaul network and requires as low as 4.6 fJ/bit while enabling high-speed performance up to 42.6 GHz and remarkably using one-quarter of graphene only.

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Section: Design Optimization and Numerical Simulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Neves

Sanches

Nobrega

et al. 2023

Sensors

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show abstract

“…Optical modulators based on graphene have outperformed traditional modulators in terms of the bandwidth, power consumption, and footprint. For example, several works have addressed the performance of graphene-based modulators [9,14,22,24,28]. However, they still have room for performance improvements, especially in the power consumption, bandwidth, and footprint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Power consumption analysis of an optical modulator based on different amounts of graphene

Neves¹,

Nobrega²,

Sanches³

et al. 2022

Opt. Continuum

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Energy-efficient devices will play a key role in the continued performance scaling of next-generation information and communications technology systems. Graphene has emerged as a key optoelectronic material with unique energy-like properties. But to the best of our knowledge, these advantages have not yet been fully exploited in optical modulators design. In this work, we design and analyze an optical modulator which is composed of two graphene layers and a ring resonator made with different amount of graphene. For performance analysis, the ring resonator's amount of graphene is varied from 25 to 100% with four discrete steps. The critical coupling condition representing the OFF-state, and the 3-dB transmission level representing the ON-state of the device are obtained. Numerical results show this new optical modulator consumes as little energy as 4.6 fJ/bit whilst achieving a high-speed operation with a bandwidth up to 42.6 GHz when employing surprisingly only 25% of graphene. The 42.6 GHz modulator has a footprint as small as 22.1 µm 2 with an active area of 1.68 µm 2 only, the smallest active area to date. Alternatively, the optical modulator achieves up to ∼88.5 GHz at the expense of consuming 17.5 fJ/bit when using 100% of graphene. The proposed graphene-based modulator proved to be a compact, energy-efficient, high-speed device, useful for a myriad of applications including mobile fronthaul, telecom, and datacom.

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Comparative study of energy and footprint minimization limit for two types of graphene-assisted ring-shape modulators

Cited by 2 publications

References 26 publications

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Beyond 5G Fronthaul Based on FSO Using Spread Spectrum Codes and Graphene Modulators

Power consumption analysis of an optical modulator based on different amounts of graphene

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