Comparative Study of Conventional Protein Allowances and Theoretical Requirements of Growing Holstein Heifers

Gp, Lofgreen; Jk, Loosli; La, Maynard

doi:10.2527/jas1951.101171x

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Protein nutrition of the growing dairy heifer, especially postweaning, has been subject to relatively less investigation. Although protein nutrition of the dairy heifer has been reviewed several times in the past (Blaxter and Mitchell, 1948;Lofgreen et al, 1951;Roy, 1980), the subject has received continued study. Considering the economic burden associated with feeding dairy heifers (Gabler et al, 2000) and the environmental costs associated with overfeeding protein (Kohn et al, 1997), the protein and N nutrition of dairy heifers assumes added importance for wholefarm sustainability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and Excretion in Growing Dairy Cattle

Zanton

Heinrichs

2008

Journal of Dairy Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Literature data on utilization of dietary N were analyzed by using meta-analytic procedures for growing milk-fed dairy calves and weaned dairy heifers. The objective was to statistically assess N utilization and excretion in growing dairy cattle when dietary N was altered in otherwise balanced rations at various stages of growth. Studies meeting the selection criteria included data from 16 published papers encompassing 94 distinct observations made on 217 animals. Of these, 6 studied calves were fed milk or milk protein-based milk replacer [milk-fed; 30 to 81 kg of body weight (BW)] with 37 different dietary treatments, and 10 experiments studied heifers receiving diets based on forage, concentrates, or a combination of forage and concentrates (weaned; 56 to 472 kg of BW) with 57 different dietary treatments. Mixed model and fixed effect regression analyses were used to evaluate responses to additional dietary N. True digestibility of dietary N was 100.4% for milk-fed calves and 96.4% for weaned heifers, with corresponding basal fecal N excretion values of 3.05 and 6.51 g of N/kg of dry matter intake. Urinary N (g of N/kg of BW(0.75)) was consistently greater for milk-fed calves, but the response to increasing N intake was parallel to the response for weaned heifers. Whether using a mixed model approach or a fixed effect approach to account for metabolizable energy intake, BW, and dry matter intake, milk-fed calves retained more N per kilogram of BW(0.75) than weaned heifers. However, marginal efficiency of N utilization responded as a continuous function of BW, as opposed to a bimodal response associated with diet type. Gross N efficiency (GNE) responded quadratically to N intake and was greater for milk-fed calves than for weaned heifers. Linear and quadratic coefficients of this function did not differ between diet types, indicating that the response in gross N efficiency to additional N intake was not different between diet groups; rather, the absolute level obtainable differed. Dietary CP concentrations of 18.9% for milk-fed calves and 14.2% for weaned heifers were found to maximize GNE; 22.5% MJ of crude protein/MJ of ME was found to maximize GNE for both groups. Equations are discussed relative to the requirements to replace basal N losses and efficiency of N utilization.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and Excretion in Growing Dairy Cattle

Zanton

Heinrichs

2008

Journal of Dairy Science

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…calf gaining at 1-5 lb. per day suggested by Lofgreen, Loosli & Maynard (1951) and Brisson, Cunningham & Haskell (1957). The animals reared outdoors on a similar type of dry food consumed 8-0 lb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grass as a food for the calf I. The value of cut grass in the diet of the unweaned calf in comparison with hay and concentrates

Chambers

1961

J. Agric. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

1. The relative nutritive value to the unweaned calf of concentrates-with-hay and of grass cut from pasture in spring was measured.2. No significant difference was found in liveweight gain or increase in body measurement between calves receiving these feedingstuffs.3. There was some indication that rumen development, as measured by belly girth, may have been affected by the diet.4. There was no interaction between the type of dry food consumed and the milk ration or housing conditions.5. Results indicate that good quality grass, free from parasitic infestation, is capable of replacing hay and concentrates in the diet of the unweaned calf.

show abstract

“…Both Steensberg (1947) and Lofgreen et al (1951) show an increasing demand for protein by heifers as they increase in live weight from 300 to 400 lb. Both estimates of requirements for maximum growth are higher than those obtained here, being 1-07-1-10 and 0-72-0-80 lb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter estimates in effect reflect the assimilable nitrogen requirements of the animal. Lofgreen et al (1951) propose an increasing digestible crudeprotein requirement throughout growth. Without wishing to deprecate a valuable piece of experimental evidence the present authors point out that the live-weight range 350-500 lb.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently Steensberg (1947) and Lofgreen, Loosli & Maynard (1951) published estimates of protein requirements of heifers based on long-term feeding trials. These differ widely from each other and from other published data, based apparently on good feeding practice (Ellis, 1937;Briiggemann, 1938;Morrison, 1948) or calculated from estimates of nitrogen requirements for maintenance and for growth (Mitchell, 1929(Mitchell, , 1947Blaxter & Mitchell, 1948;Lofgreen et al 1951). It is noticeable that these calculations become more complex chronologically as further relevant factors are recognized, and, furthermore, they cannot be more accurate than the basic empirical data.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer: I. Protein requirements of yearling stock

Bailey¹,

Broster²

1957

J. Agric. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The literature on the protein requirements of young dairy heifers has been discussed and the wide variations noted, both in quantities estimated for particular live-weight ranges and in the suggested trends of requirements with live weight.Short-term trials have been conducted in which the effect of variation in protein intake on rate of live-weight gain of dairy heifers of various ages was studied.The response to increments of protein in the ration was found to be curvilinear with a rapid decline in response above critical levels of intake. This level varied with the live weight of the animal, being 0·8 lb. crude protein at 300 lb. live weight and 1·0 lb. at 400 and 500 lb. when rations based on hay, decorticated ground-nut meal and flaked maize were fed.These levels are somewhat lower than estimates of protein requirements quoted in the literature, though the trend indicated in them agrees with some of the published data.No marked difference was observed between the values of decorticated ground-nut meal and white fish meal as protein supplements. Urea was inferior to decorticated ground-nut meal.The overall depressant effect of straw on rate of live-weight gain is demonstrated and discussed.

show abstract

Comparative Study of Conventional Protein Allowances and Theoretical Requirements of Growing Holstein Heifers

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and Excretion in Growing Dairy Cattle

Analysis of Nitrogen Utilization and Excretion in Growing Dairy Cattle

Grass as a food for the calf I. The value of cut grass in the diet of the unweaned calf in comparison with hay and concentrates

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer: I. Protein requirements of yearling stock

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About