Comparative study of biosensing principles: FET, impedimetric, light scattering, with regard to operational efficiency in antibiotic resistance testing

Study of Laser Light Scattering Methods in Rapid Viability Assessment of Microorganisms under Antibiotics Exposure for Adaptation in Lab-on-A-Chip Format

“…A prospective approach, which could be realized due to achievements of modern flexible electronic technologies, is the development towards hybrid-integrated laboratories-on-a-chip for total microbiological analysis—MLOC [ 9 , 10 ]. This approach enables realization on a single platform, an express growth of juvenile colonies of up to 1000 CFU in size during 4 h [ 9 ], and their identification and AST ( Figure 1 ) [ 10 ].…”

“…Thus, the results can be expressed as the lowest concentration of the antibiotic that prevents visible growth, i.e., the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) [ 3 ]. Another way is the registration of microorganisms’ viability under antibiotic exposure [ 9 , 10 ]. Thus, it is possible to state that phenotypic methods realized on MLOC platforms, using various physical principles for microorganisms’ viability analysis, being direct and reliable, remain actual, provided that they are implemented in their express form and are accessible to people of all income levels [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…Another way is the registration of microorganisms’ viability under antibiotic exposure [ 9 , 10 ]. Thus, it is possible to state that phenotypic methods realized on MLOC platforms, using various physical principles for microorganisms’ viability analysis, being direct and reliable, remain actual, provided that they are implemented in their express form and are accessible to people of all income levels [ 9 , 10 ]. Furthermore, the phenotypic approaches, recommended by experts [ 4 ], implemented in a lab-on-a-chip format can provide advantages of both the reliability of ABR determination and speed [ 9 , 10 ].…”

“…As mentioned previously, MLOC can be equipped with sensor elements based on various physical or chemical principles [ 10 , 11 ]. One of the prospective methods for bacteria mobility registration is laser light scattering (LLS), which is not invasive but is highly sensitive [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] and possesses miniaturization potential, particularly taking into account the new technologies and element base of solid-state electronics [ 15 ].…”

“…One of the prospective methods for bacteria mobility registration is laser light scattering (LLS), which is not invasive but is highly sensitive [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] and possesses miniaturization potential, particularly taking into account the new technologies and element base of solid-state electronics [ 15 ]. In regards to the sampling and culture growth, the use of hybrid devices is particularly promising since they can provide a sample of approximately 400–900 juvenile colonies [ 9 , 10 ], which may cover, for example, the complex anatomy of the human nose [ 16 ] or mouth [ 17 ] and might offer distinct microbial niches to be recognized and discriminated from the pathogens [ 13 ].…”