Comparative study between phenol red thread test and the Schirmer’s test in the diagnosis of dry eyes syndrome

Ghislandi, G; Lima, Gina Carriero

doi:10.5935/0034-7280.20160088

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…In the IG, male participants were the most significantly affected, and trauma was the most frequent etiology (60%) for anophthalmia, in agreement with the results of Modugno et al [ 21 ], who reported that most of the 8018 anophthalmic participants evaluated between 1927 and 2011 were male and that 63% of the participants had a traumatic etiology of anophthalmia [ 22 ]. Regarding clinical history and symptoms, most participants complained of a feeling of having sand in the eyes, secretions in the eyelashes, and a tearing sensation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The Inflammation Level and a Microbiological Analysis of the Anophthalmic Cavities of Unilateral Ocular Prosthesis Users: A Blind, Randomized Observational Study

et al. 2022

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Irritation and biofilm adhesion are complaints associated with ocular prosthesis use. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of prosthesis repolishing on several conditions of anophthalmic volunteers. Participants were divided into two groups: intervention (IG, n = 10) and nonintervention (NIG, n = 6) groups. The anophthalmic cavity, contralateral eye, and prosthesis surface were evaluated at initial, day 15, and day 30 after repolishing. Microbiological analysis (colony-forming units), exfoliative cytology (conjunctiva inflammatory cells), sensory analysis (quantitative mechanical sensory test), tear production (Schirmer’s test), and conjunctival inflammation (clinical evaluation) were performed. Nonparametric tests were used to compare groups in the initial period and to analyze periods for the IG (p < 0.05). More microorganisms were formed in the anophthalmic socket and prosthesis than in the contralateral eye in the initial period. For IG, the anophthalmic cavity exhibited more microorganisms and inflammatory clinical signs in the initial period than at 15 and 30 after repolishing. The prosthesis showed greater accumulations of total bacteria and Candida albicans in the initial period than at 15 and 30 days after repolishing. The anophthalmic cavity had more palpebral inflammation than the contralateral eye. In conclusion, repolishing reduced the number of microorganisms and inflammatory signs over time.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

The Inflammation Level and a Microbiological Analysis of the Anophthalmic Cavities of Unilateral Ocular Prosthesis Users: A Blind, Randomized Observational Study

et al. 2022

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“…Moreover, the correction between the scores from different tests to detect dry eye is often poor [ 30 ]. The volume or production of tears can be assessed using the Schirmer or phenol red thread (PRT) tests [ 19 ]. The tear film stability can be measured using the tear breakup time (TBUT) test [ 31 ], and the concentration of electrolytes in the tear film can be assessed using the osmolarity test [ 32 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The structure of the tear film is complex; therefore, no single method can be used to detect all symptoms of dry eye [ 10 ]. Measurements of tear volume, production, evaporation, stability, and osmolarity are the most common methods for the detection of dry eye, along with the use of patient questionnaires [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with Refractive Errors Using a Portable Evaporimeter

et al. 2022

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Dry eye symptoms are associated with refractive errors. We aimed to measure the tear evaporation rate (TER) in subjects with refractive errors (RE) using a portable evaporimeter. This nonrandomized, case–control, and observational study included 75 subjects, including 25 subjects aged 18–38 years (28.8 ± 6.8 years) with myopia (−0.75 to −3.75 D) and 25 subjects aged 18–39 years (27.7 ± 5.5 years) with hyperopia (+0.50 to +3.75 D). In addition, a control group of 25 subjects with emmetropic eyes aged 20–30 years (23.6 ± 2.6 years) was recruited. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) was completed, followed by the TER measurements using a portable evaporimeter. The OSDI score and TER measurements showed dry eye symptoms in 36% and 48% of myopic subjects, respectively. For hyperopic participants, dry eye was observed in 24% and 56% of the subjects based on the OSDI and TER scores, respectively. Significant differences (Mann-Whitney U test; p < 0.001) were found among the OSDI and TER scores recorded within the study (myopic and hyperopic subjects) and control groups. Significant strong positive correlations were detected between the OSDI and TER scores in both myopic (p = 0.004; r = 0.559) and hyperopic (p = 0.001; r = 0.619) subjects. The TER scores were significantly higher in subjects with RE (myopic and hyperopic) as compared with individuals with normal eyes.

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“…Symptoms of discomfort associated with dry eye can be detected using a questionnaire such as the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) [ 23 ]. The most common techniques for detecting dry eye and assessing the tear film include Schirmer [ 24 ], phenol red thread (PRT) [ 24 ], tear meniscus height (TMH) [ 25 ], noninvasive tear breakup time (NITBUT) [ 25 ], osmolarity [ 26 ], tear evaporation rate (TER) [ 27 ], and tear ferning (TF) [ 28 ] tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Tear Ferning Patterns in Young Female Subjects with Refractive Errors

Alanazi

El‐Hiti

Al-Madani

et al. 2021

Journal of Ophthalmology

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To evaluate the dry eye symptoms and ocular tear film in young female subjects with refractive errors (RE) using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), phenol red thread (PRT) and tear ferning (TF) tests. Methods. A group of 50 young female subjects (mean ± standard division = 20.3 ± 1.1 years) with RE (−0.25 to −6.00D) completed the study. An age-matched control group consisting of 50 healthy normal eye female subjects (22.2 ± 1.5 years) was recruited for comparison. The OSDI was completed first, followed by PRT and TF tests. Results. Median OSDI and TF scores were significantly higher (Mann–Whitney test; P < 0.001 ) among the study group subjects [median (interquartile range (IQR)) = 13.5 (15.3) and 1.6 (1.3), respectively] compared to the control group [6.0 (4.0) and 0.9 (0.8), respectively], whereas the median PRT score was significantly lower (Mann–Whitney test; P = 0.003 ) in the study group [(27.5 (6.3) mm] compared to the control group [29.5 (5.0) mm]. For subjects within the mild RE group (N = 30), significant differences (Mann–Whitney test, P < 0.001 to 0.005) were found between the median OSDI, PRT, and TF scores and those recorded within the control group. For the subjects with moderate RE (N = 20), significant differences (Mann–Whitney test, P < 0.001 to 0.002) were found between the median OSDI and TF scores, and those recorded within the control group. Conclusion. The presence of RE in young females has a negative effect on tear film in terms of dry eye symptoms, tear volume, and TF grades. Dry eye symptoms experienced by subjects with RE and the TF grades were significantly higher compared with the control group. In addition, the tear volume was significantly lower in the study group. Clearly, RE has a risk factor for dry eye.

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Comparative study between phenol red thread test and the Schirmer’s test in the diagnosis of dry eyes syndrome

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

The Inflammation Level and a Microbiological Analysis of the Anophthalmic Cavities of Unilateral Ocular Prosthesis Users: A Blind, Randomized Observational Study

The Inflammation Level and a Microbiological Analysis of the Anophthalmic Cavities of Unilateral Ocular Prosthesis Users: A Blind, Randomized Observational Study

Measurements of Tear Evaporation Rate in Subjects with Refractive Errors Using a Portable Evaporimeter

Analysis of Tear Ferning Patterns in Young Female Subjects with Refractive Errors

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