“…However, establishing causality does not explain how the change occurred, and it does not necessarily follow that the components that are hypothesized to be effective are the actual agents of change. Meta-analytic and outcome studies repeatedly demonstrate that it is common factors that are more effective than treatment-specific factors (e.g., Elkin, 1994;Luborsky, Singer, & Luborsky, 1975;Wampold, 2001). In addition, studies have shown that phenomena such as early session gains (Ilardi & Craighead, 1994) and sudden gains (Busch, Kanter, Landes, & Kohlenberg, 2006;Morgan, Roberts, & Ciesla, 2005), that indicate mechanisms of change other than the ones that were hypothesized by the theory, were at work.…”