Comparative studies of pharmacokinetics and anticoagulatory effect in rats after oral administration of Frankincense and its processed products

α-Pinene, linalool, and 1-octanol contribute to the topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of frankincense by inhibiting COX-2

“…Traditionally, frankincense was soaked in water or sesame oil and applied externally to the skin for pain relief. As a topical analgesic, frankincense provides pain relief and targets pain precisely without the side effects of oral administration (Pan et al, 2015).…”

“…Frankincense contains 60-85% resins (mixture of terpenes), 6-30% gums (mixture of polysaccharides), and 5-15% essential oils (Batista et al, 2010;Pan et al, 2015). Boswellic acids in the resinous part are inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and thought to be responsible for anti-inflammatory activity (Verhoff et al, 2014); the gum portion may contribute to anti-oxidative effects (Batista et al, 2010); and the essential oil, a mixture of terpenes and sesquiterpenes or their derivatives, has anti-tumor (Singh et al, 2008) and antibacterial activities (Batista et al, 2010).…”

“…Boswellic acids in the resinous part are inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and thought to be responsible for anti-inflammatory activity (Verhoff et al, 2014); the gum portion may contribute to anti-oxidative effects (Batista et al, 2010); and the essential oil, a mixture of terpenes and sesquiterpenes or their derivatives, has anti-tumor (Singh et al, 2008) and antibacterial activities (Batista et al, 2010). More than three hundred volatiles have been identified in the essential oil, common compounds were α-pinene, 1-octanol, linalool, limonene, octyl acetate, α-thujene, and (E)-β-ocimene et al (Pan et al, 2015). Although many terpenes, including α-pinene and linalool have anti-inflammatory and/or analgesic activities, however, to our knowledge there are no reports on the contribution of the essential oil portion to the topical anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of frankincense.…”

Chemical, molecular and structural studies of Boswellia species: β-Boswellic Aldehyde and 3-epi-11β-Dihydroxy BA as precursors in biosynthesis of boswellic acids

“…sacra is a good source of high quality frankincense and bioactive compounds having a wide-range of vital biological activities. The frankincense, a yellowish-brown oleo-gum resin and its essential oil have been well-known for their ameliorative effects against human ailments such as analgesic [ 4 ], hepato-protective [ 5 ], antioxidant [ 6 ], Alzheimer’s [ 7 ], diuretic [ 8 ], anti-coagulant [ 9 ], tumor suppressive [ 10 ], anti-inflammatory [ 11 ], cardio-protective [ 12 ], gastric, hepatic, and skin disorders [ 13 – 16 ]. In addition, the frankincense from Boswellia sacra is highly demanded for various commercial products such as cosmetic ingredients (soaps, lotions, and ointment formulation), food flavors, and perfumes [ 17 ].…”

Application of a strategy based on metabolomics guided promoting blood circulation bioactivity compounds screening of vinegar

“…It is also used as a kind of accessory documented in Lei’s treatise on processing of drugs (LeigongpaozhiLun) (618–907 AD). Numerous Chinese medicines such as Frankincense, Rhizoma Corydalis were believed to enhance the promoting blood circulation therapeutic efficiency after preparation by vinegar [5, 6]. Fruitful researches have been carried on the herbal enhancement of therapeutic efficiency after processing [5, 6], but there are few relative reports concerning the blood circulation bioactivity of vinegar.…”