Comparative sequence analysis and tissue localization of members of the SLC6 family of transporters in adult<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Thimgan, Matthew S.; Berg, Jonathan S.; Stuart, Ann E.

doi:10.1242/jeb.02328

Cited by 54 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…After dehydration, heads were embedded in paraffin and 6-m-thick sections were obtained. In situ hybridization using DIGlabeled RNA probes was performed following the procedure of Thimgan et al (2006) with minor modifications. After hybridization for 20 h and washes, sections were incubated with anti-DIG antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (Roche Diagnostics) diluted 1:2000, and the signals were detected by using 4-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT; Roche Diagnostics) and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP; Roche Diagnostics) as substrates.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pan-Neuronal Knockdown of Calcineurin Reduces Sleep in the Fruit Fly,Drosophila melanogaster

Tomita¹,

Mitsuyoshi²,

Ueno³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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Sleep is a unique physiological state, which is behaviorally defined, and is broadly conserved across species from mammals to invertebrates such as insects. Because of the experimental accessibility provided by various novel animal models including the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, there have been significant advances in the understanding of sleep. Although the physiological functions of sleep have not been fully elucidated, accumulating evidence indicates that sleep is necessary to maintain the plasticity of neuronal circuits and, hence, is essential in learning and memory. Calcineurin (Cn) is a heterodimeric phosphatase composed of CnA and CnB subunits and known to function in memory consolidation in the mammalian brain, but its neurological functions in the fruit fly are largely unknown. Here, we show that Cn is an important regulator of sleep in Drosophila. A pan-neuronal RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Cn expression resulted in sleep loss, whereas misexpression of the constitutively active form of a CnA protein led to increased sleep. Furthermore, CnA knockdown also impaired the retention of aversive olfactory memory. These results indicate a role for Cn and calcium-dependent signal transduction in sleep and memory regulation and may bring insight into the relationship between them.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pan-Neuronal Knockdown of Calcineurin Reduces Sleep in the Fruit Fly,Drosophila melanogaster

Tomita¹,

Mitsuyoshi²,

Ueno³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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“…In mammals, glutamate signals directly through metabotropic glutamate receptors on astrocytes to modulate levels of excitatory amino acid transporters in astrocytes (Yang et al 2009;Benediktsson et al 2012;Devaraju et al 2013), thereby allowing direct regulation the astrocyte glutamate buffering capacity by glutamatergic neurotransmission. Drosophila astrocytes express excitatory amino acid transporters, such as excitatory amino acid transporters (EAAT1) (Freeman et al 2003) and the sole GABA transporter Gat (Thimgan et al 2006). Whether glutamatergic signaling regulates EAAT1 in Drosophila has not been explored; however, Gat levels in astrocytes are regulated by local GABAergic circuits during late pupal development (Muthukumar et al 2014).…”

Section: Cns Gliamentioning

confidence: 99%

DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia

Freeman

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

229

260

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Molecular genetic approaches in small model organisms like Drosophila have helped to elucidate fundamental principles of neuronal cell biology. Much less is understood about glial cells, although interest in using invertebrate preparations to define their in vivo functions has increased significantly in recent years. This review focuses on our current understanding of the three major neuron-associated glial cell types found in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS)-astrocytes, cortex glia, and ensheathing glia. Together, these cells act like mammalian astrocytes: they surround neuronal cell bodies and proximal neurites, are coupled to the vasculature, and associate closely with synapses. Exciting recent work has shown essential roles for these CNS glial cells in neural circuit formation, function, plasticity, and pathology. As we gain a more firm molecular and cellular understanding of how Drosophila CNS glial cells interact with neurons, it is becoming clear they share significant molecular and functional attributes with mammalian astrocytes. Invertebrate preparations have contributed enormously to our understanding of fundamental principles of nervous system biology, including the chemical and electrophysiological basis of the action potential, synaptic vesicle release, neural cell fate specification, and axon pathfinding. This is largely thanks to the high experimental accessibility, ease of culture, rapid growth, and the panoply of molecular genetic tools with which to manipulate individual cells in vivo in organisms like Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans. The focus of many neuroscientists has shifted in recent years toward careful exploration of how glial cells participate in nervous system development, neural circuit function and plasticity, and neurological disease. Based on the remarkable success with which invertebrates were used to dissect fundamental aspects of the cell biology of the neuron, interest in the potential of small genetic model organisms to contribute to unraveling the mysteries of glial cells has grown significantly. This article will provide a brief overview of Drosophila glial cell biology, then focus on fly glial cell subtypes that are tightly associated with neurons in the central nervous system (CNS)-astrocytes, ensheathing glia, and cortex glia. A growing body of work argues strongly that these glia share a range morphological and functional features with mammalian astrocytes, and recent molecular studies indicate that conservation of basic glial cell biology extends, perhaps not surprisingly, to the molecular level.

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“…In insects, tyrosine can also serve as a substrate for the synthesis of tyrosine glucosides (Wright, 1987), one of which has recently been identified as a humoral factor in the silkmoth Bombyx mori (Ohnishi et al, 2005). In addition, tyrosine can serve as a substrate for amino acid transporters, including some members of the iNAT family of electrogenic transporters (Meleshkevitch et al, 2006;Miller et al, 2008); several transporters in this gene family are known to be expressed at high levels in the Drosophila MT (Chintapalli et al, 2007;Mueller and Blumenthal, 2007;Thimgan et al, 2006). In the current work, however, tyrosine application caused no significant depolarization or diuresis in Tdc1 mutant tubules; thus, it appears that the only route through which applied tyrosine can cause diuresis or rapid changes in the TEP is through the production of TA.…”

Section: E M Blumenthalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoform- and cell-specific function of tyrosine decarboxylase in theDrosophilaMalpighian tubule

Blumenthal

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThe biogenic amine tyramine (TA) is a potent diuretic factor when applied to the Malpighian tubule (MT) of Drosophila melanogaster, stimulating both urine production and transepithelial chloride conductance. Isolated MTs can respond not only to TA but also to its precursor, tyrosine; this observation led to the proposal that MTs are able to synthesize TA from applied tyrosine through the action of the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC). In the current study it is shown that the non-neuronal isoform of TDC, Tdc1, is expressed in the principal cells of the MT. A mutant allele of Tdc1, Tdc1 f03311 , was identified that reduced expression of the mature Tdc1 transcript by greater than 100-fold. MTs isolated from Tdc1 f03311 homozygous flies showed no significant depolarization of their transepithelial potential (TEP) or diuresis in response to tyrosine while retaining normal sensitivity to TA. By contrast, a previously identified null mutant allele of the neuronal TDC isoform Tdc2 had no effect on either tyrosine or TA sensitivity. To determine in which cell type of the MT Tdc1 expression is required, flies were generated carrying a UAS-Tdc1 transgene and cell-type-specific Gal4 drivers on a Tdc1 f03311 homozygous background. Rescue of Tdc1 expression in principal cells fully restored sensitivity to tyrosine whereas expression of Tdc1 in stellate cells had no rescuing effect. It is concluded that synthesis of TA by Tdc1 in the principal cells of the MT is required for physiological responses to tyrosine. TA synthesis in the MT is the first reported physiological role for Drosophila Tdc1.

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Comparative sequence analysis and tissue localization of members of the SLC6 family of transporters in adultDrosophila melanogaster

Cited by 54 publications

References 81 publications

Pan-Neuronal Knockdown of Calcineurin Reduces Sleep in the Fruit Fly,Drosophila melanogaster

Pan-Neuronal Knockdown of Calcineurin Reduces Sleep in the Fruit Fly,Drosophila melanogaster

DrosophilaCentral Nervous System Glia

Isoform- and cell-specific function of tyrosine decarboxylase in theDrosophilaMalpighian tubule

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