Comparative Sensitivity of Three Age Classes of Artemia salina Larvae to Several Phenolic Compounds

Abstract

Phenolic compounds have been used because they are among the most toxic and ubiquitous environmental contaminants present in many industrial wastes. It is recognized that factors such as water hardness, pH, temperature, chemical formulation, species, age and/or stage of development of test organisms, to mention only a few, may critically affect the behavior of a chemical and thus effect the outcome of toxicity tests (Canton and Adema 1978; Berglind and Dave 1984; Persoone et al. 1989). Several studies dealing with the susceptibility of early life stages of invertebrates to pollutants have been reported in the literature (Middaugh and Dean 1977; Conklin and Rao 1978; Kaur and Dhawan 1993). An extensive literature review revealed information on the toxicity of different phenolic compounds to some species of fish and invertebrates. However, there is little information on acute toxicity of these compounds to different age classes of Artemia salina larvae. Artemia salina are of major importance in the aquaculture industry and they have been proposed as a uniform world-wide test system for toxicity of chemical substances (Vanhaeke et al. 1981) and for studies in developmental toxicology (Sleet and Brendel 1985). Previous investigations in this laboratory have shown that Artemia salina larvae exhibit increased sensitivity to certain chemicals in relation to aging. The present study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity of some phenolic compounds (pentachlorophenol (PCP), 2,6-dichloroindophenol (2,6-DCIP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), o-nitrophenol (o-NP), p-nitrophenol (p-NP), diamidophenol, diaminophenol and 2,6-dimenthylphenol (2,6-DMP) on Artemia salina 24-, 48- and 168- hr old to determine if changes in sensitivity occur during the first week after emergence.

Monitoring the Effect of Metal Ions on the Mobility of Artemia salina Nauplii

“…[ 15 ] proved that the most sensitive age for the majority of the tested compounds were the 48-h old nauplii at the stage of instar II-III. The same results have also been supported by Barahona and Sánchez-Fortún [ 5 ] and Togulga [ 16 ]. On the other hand, Artemia species are very resistant to metals and accumulate them without any obvious effect on their life-cycle (Sarabia et al .…”

“…Artemia species, or brine shrimps, have also been used in many scientific experiments for acute toxicity testing of toxic materials including pesticides (Barahona & Sánchez-Fortún [ 5 ]), leachates (Svensson et al . [ 6 ]), dental materials (Pelka et al .…”

“…These advantages have led to a wide range of Artemia -based bioassays. The determination of the LC 50 of the nauplii (instar II-III stage) (Vanhaecke and Persoone [ 12 ]), the hatchability of the cysts (MacRae and Pandey [ 3 ]), the different age specimens (Barahona and Sánchez-Fortún, [ 5 ]) and the disruptions on an enzyme property (Varó et al . [ 13 , 14 ]) are only some of the Artemia end-points that have already been examined as evidence of toxicity.…”

Acute Sensitivity of Three Age Classes of Artemia salina Larvae to Seven Chlorinated Solvents

“…Previous studies have reported that Artemia salina larvae aged 48-hr appear to be one of the more sensitive ages when tested to several organophosphorous insecticides such as dichlorvos and coumaphos, organochlorine insecticides such as dieldrin and p,p'-DDT, organic solvents such as ethanol and phenolic compounds as pentachlorophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, onitrophenol, p-nitrophenol, diaminophenol, diamidophenol and 2,6-dimethylphenol (Barahona et al 1994, Sánchez-Fortún et al 1995Barahona & Sánchez-Fortún 1996). 72-hr old Artemia salina larvae exhibited higher sensitivity than 48-hr old Artemia salina larvae for lindane and 2,6-dimethylphenol only.…”

Nano-sized polystyrene affects feeding, behavior and physiology of brine shrimp Artemia franciscana larvae

“…Acute toxicity test using A. franciscana larvae has been developed as standard methods (CNR, 2003;EPA, 2002;Vanhaecke and Persoone, 1981) for assessing the lethality of contaminants at the first stages of development (up to Instar III nauplius), since 48 h old specimens is considered the most sensitive larval end-point (Barahona and Sánchez-Fortún, 1996). Recovery experiments were also performed by transfer PS NPs exposed brine shrimp larvae after 48 h in clean NSW and left there for 24 h. For both acute toxicity tests and recovery experiments, certified dehydrated cysts of brine shrimp A. franciscana were purchased from the company MicroBioTests (Ghent, Belgium).…”