Comparative Reactive Blue 4 Dye Removal by Lemon Peel Bead Doping with Iron(III) Oxide-Hydroxide and Zinc Oxide

Abstract

The increasing concern of dye contamination in wastewater results in the toxicity of aquatic life and water quality, so wastewater treatment is required to treat the low water quality standard for safety purposes. Lemon peel beads-doped iron(III) oxide-hydroxide (LBF) and lemon peel beads-doped zinc oxide (LBZ) were synthesized and characterized to investigate their crystalline structure, surface morphology, chemical compositions, chemical functional groups, and ζ potentials by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and zetasizer techniques. Their effects of dose, contact time, temperature, pH, and concentration for reactive blue 4 (RB4) dye removal efficiencies were investigated by batch experiments, and their adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and desorption experiments were also studied. LBF and LBZ demonstrated semicrystalline structures, and their surface morphologies had a spherical shape with coarse surfaces. Five main elements of carbon (C), oxygen (O), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), and sodium (Na) and six main function groups of O–H, CN, CC, C–OH, C–O–C, and C–H were detected in both materials. The results of ζ potential demonstrated that both LBF and LBZ had negative charges on the surface at all pH values, and their surfaces increased more of the negative charge with the addition of the pH value from 2–12. For batch tests, the RB4 dye removal efficiencies of LBF and LBZ were 83.55 and 66.64%, respectively, so LBF demonstrated a higher RB4 dye removal efficiency than LBZ. As a result, the addition of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide helped in improving the material efficiency more than zinc oxide. In addition, both LBF and LBZ could be reused in more than five cycles for RB4 dye removal of more than 41%. The Freundlich model was a good explanation for their adsorption patterns relating to physiochemical adsorption, and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model was a well-fitted model for explaining their adsorption mechanism correlating to the chemisorption process with heterogeneous adsorption. Therefore, LBF was a potential adsorbent to further apply for RB4 dye removal in industrial applications.

Powdered and beaded sawdust materials modified iron (III) oxide-hydroxide for adsorption of lead (II) ion and reactive blue 4 dye

“…For material modifications, many previous studies have been reported for using a variety of metal oxides of iron (II or III) oxide (Fe 4 O 3 or Fe 2 O 3 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), tin (IV) oxide (SnO 2 ), and magnesium oxide (MgO) to increase surface area and pore volume of adsorbents offering to increase lead or RB4 dye removal efficiency [6][7][8] . The modified materials of sugarcane bagasse with Fe 2 O 3 , sawdust with ZnO, and lemon peels with iron (III) oxide-hydroxide have been used for lead removal [8][9][10] , and the , bagasse with zinc oxide, and lemon peels beads with iron (III) oxidehydroxide have been applied for removing RB4 dye [11][12][13] . Moreover, the stability of the material is another point for applying industrial application, so the changing of material form from a powder form to a bead form in many studies has also been reported with supporting the increase of heavy metal or dye removal efficiencies [6][7][8][12][13][14] .…”

“…The modified materials of sugarcane bagasse with Fe 2 O 3 , sawdust with ZnO, and lemon peels with iron (III) oxide-hydroxide have been used for lead removal [8][9][10] , and the , bagasse with zinc oxide, and lemon peels beads with iron (III) oxidehydroxide have been applied for removing RB4 dye [11][12][13] . Moreover, the stability of the material is another point for applying industrial application, so the changing of material form from a powder form to a bead form in many studies has also been reported with supporting the increase of heavy metal or dye removal efficiencies [6][7][8][12][13][14] .…”

Modification of sugarcane bagasse with iron(III) oxide-hydroxide to improve its adsorption property for removing lead(II) ions

“…Since 1/n values of SBF and SBFB had less than 1 that meant both materials were favorable lead adsorptions. Moreover, both linear and nonlinear isotherm models were recommended to plot graphs for confirming the results and protecting against data mistranslation 45,[47][48][49][50] .…”

Zeolite A powder and beads from sugarcane bagasse fly ash modified with iron(III) oxide-hydroxide for lead adsorption

“…The results demonstrated that q m and K L values of ZBF were higher than others, so it might have the highest lead removal efficiency than other zeolite A materials. Moreover, both linear and nonlinear isotherm models were recommended to plot graphs for confirming the results and protecting against data mistranslation [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] .…”

“…The results illustrated q e and k 2 values of ZBF were higher than others, so it might have the highest lead removal efficiency with fast reaction than other zeolite A materials. Finally, the graph plotting of both linear and nonlinear kinetic models was also recommended for correct data translations [43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] .…”