Comparative Proteomics Study of Yak Milk from Standard and Naturally Extended Lactation Using iTRAQ Technique

Abstract

Extended lactation is a common phenomenon in lactating yaks under grazing and natural reproduction conditions. To elucidate differences in milk protein compositions and mammary gland functions between yaks of standard lactation (TL yaks) and prolonged lactation (HL yaks), whole milk samples of TL yaks and HL yaks (n = 15 each) were collected from a yak pasture at the northwest highland of China. The iTRAQ technique was used to compare the skim milk proteins in the two yak groups. A total of 202 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were revealed, among which 109 proteins were up-regulated and 93 were down-regulated in the milk of HL yaks compared to TL yaks. Caseins including κ-casein, αs1-casein, αs2-casein, and β-casein were up-regulated in HL yak milk over 1.43-fold. The GO function annotation analysis showed that HL yaks produced milk with characteristics of milk at the degeneration stage, similar to that of dairy cows. KEGG enrichment showed that the metabolic pathways with the most differences are those that involve carbohydrate metabolism and the biosynthesis of amino acids. The present results highlight detailed differences in skim milk proteins produced by HL yaks and TL yaks and suggest that the mammary gland of HL yak is at the degeneration stage.

Yak milk and its health benefits: a comprehensive review

“…Additionally, the presence of vitamin D-binding protein, retinol-binding protein 4, lactotransferrin, and serotransferrin was observed in yak milk. Notably, the cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP-3) precursor, which plays a crucial role in cell apoptosis, and vinculin, a protein that supports cell growth, differentiation, and survival, were found to be up-regulated and down-regulated in high-lactation (HL) yak milk, respectively ( 34 ). Whey proteins are the remaining 20–30% of the total protein content in yak milk.…”