Comparative proteomics analysis reveals the difference during antler regeneration stage between red deer and sika deer

Abstract

Deer antler, as the only mammalian regenerative appendage, provides an optimal model to study regenerative medicine. Antler harvested from red deer or sika deer were mainly study objects used to disclose the mechanism underlying antler regeneration over past decades. A previous study used proteomic technology to reveal the signaling pathways of antler stem cell derived from red deer. Moreover, transcriptome of antler tip from sika deer provide us with the essential genes, which regulated antler development and regeneration. However, antler comparison between red deer and sika deer has not been well studied. In our current study, proteomics were employed to analyze the biological difference of antler regeneration between sika deer and red deer. The proteomics profile was completed by searching the UniProt database, and differentially expressed proteins were identified by bioinformatic software. Thirty-six proteins were highly expressed in red deer antler, while 144 proteins were abundant in sika deer. GO and KEGG analysis revealed that differentially expressed proteins participated in the regulation of several pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome, extracellular matrix interaction, and PI3K-Akt pathway.

Comparative Metabolomics Study Revealed Difference in Central Carbon Metabolism between Sika Deer and Red Deer Antler

“…Sepiapterin, through the salvage pathway, can be reduced to regenerate BH4 by sepiapterin reductase in the case of BH4 deficiencies [ 33 ]. The high abundance of sepiapterin and sepiapterin reductase in red deer indicated that the biosynthesis of BH4 depended on sepiapterin salvage pathway ( Table 4 ) [ 14 ]. BH4 is the key cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which involved in the catalysis of arginine to nitric oxide [ 34 , 35 ].…”

“…The pathways related to antler regeneration are similar but not exactly the same. Our previous study showed that the metabolic pathway between red deer antler and sika deer antler was profoundly different based on protein level [ 14 ]. The metabolic study was a promising technology for systematic research in antler metabolome.…”

Bioactive Molecular Discovery Using Deer Antlers as a Model of Mammalian Regeneration

“…Deer antler proteomics has also identified numerous stem cell markers expressed in antler including the embryonic stem cell markers (POU5F1, SOX2, NANOG, and MYC), mesenchymal stem cell makers (CD73, CD90, and CD105), and adult stem cell makers (CD29, CD44, and CD166), ,, suggesting that antler stem cells may be an intermediate stem cell type somewhere between embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells. Wang et al and others have identified PI3K-Akt signaling as one of the most critical pathways involved in deer antler initiation, regeneration, and development. ,,,,, Key processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Hippo signaling, and molecules like CALR have been found with potential roles involved in regulating antler growth and renewal. , The in-depth exploration for these processes has the real potential to contribute to mammal structure regeneration.…”

SWATH-MS Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Deer Antler from Two Regenerating and Mineralizing Sections

“…Furthermore, the peptide extracts from the antler growth center have protective effects against oxidative stress. Thus, some studies found that differentially expressed proteins are involved in the regulation of several pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome or extracellular matrix interaction [12], whereas others found a tetrapeptide (YNVK) that exhibited strong antioxidant activity [13].…”

“…Recently, proteomic analysis has been used to examine which proteins may be responsible for the fast growth and regenerative capacity of velvet antler [11,12,14,15]. The regenerative capacity of the antlers comes from the pedicle periosteum (PP) and the resident cells.…”