Comparative proteomics analysis of silkworm hemolymph during the stages of metamorphosis via liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Abstract

The silkworm is a lepidopteran insect that has an open circulatory system with hemolymph consisting of blood and lymph fluid. Hemolymph is not only considered as a depository of nutrients and energy, but it also plays a key role in substance transportation, immunity response, and proteolysis. In this study, we used LC-MS/MS to analyze the hemolymph proteins of four developmental stages during metamorphosis. A total of 728 proteins were identified from the hemolymph of the second day of wandering stage, first day of pupation, ninth day of pupation, and first day as an adult moth. GO annotations and categories showed that silkworm hemolymph proteins were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, proteolysis, protein binding, and antibacterial humoral response. The levels of nutrient, immunity-related, and structural proteins changed significantly during development and metamorphosis. Some, such as cuticle, odorant-binding, and chemosensory proteins, showed stage-specific expression in the hemolymph. In addition, the expression of several antimicrobial peptides exhibited their highest level of abundance in the hemolymph of the early pupal stage. These findings provide a comprehensive proteomic insight of the silkworm hemolymph and suggest additional molecular targets for studying insect metamorphosis.

Identification, Expression Patterns, and Functional Characterization of Chemosensory Proteins in Dendroctonus armandi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)

“…Findings in other insects support this conclusion. Specifically, regulation of CSP expression in Choristoneura fumiferana, B. mori , and Nilaparvata lugens varies with hormonal changes during metamorphosis (larvae and pupae or nymphs) (Wanner et al, 2005 ; Gong et al, 2007 ; Yang et al, 2014 ; Hou et al, 2016 ).…”

Nonvolatile Bio-Memristor Based on Silkworm Hemolymph Proteins

“…The silkworm morphology and physiological function are completely different in each stage of silkworm development. More than seven hundred types of proteins have been identified in various stages of the silkworm life cycle, most of which are 30 K proteins and SP-1 and SP-2 storage proteins 24 – 27 . The silkworm circulatory system consists of open blood circulation, and its blood cavity comprises the entire body cavity.…”

“…The silkworm circulatory system consists of open blood circulation, and its blood cavity comprises the entire body cavity. The silkworm hemolymph consists of two components: blood and lymph 24 . The silkworm hemolymph used in this work was obtained directly from silkworm ( Antheraea pernyi ) larvae.…”

Ontogeny of protein concentration, haemocyte concentration and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli in haemolymph of the invasive harlequin ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

“…An increase of activity during larval stages and adulthood is also described regarding other immune parameters that might contribute to the antimicrobial activity, such as phenoloxidase activity (Benešová et al ., ; Laughton et al ., ). Consistent with the increase of activity against E. coli observed in the present study, an increase in antimicrobial peptides at the first day of pupae is described in B. mori (Hou et al ., ). Higher demands for antimicrobial defence are suggested to compensate for the impaired barrier function of cuticle after each molt and to protects insects at this vulnerable phase of life.…”