Comparative prenatal development of the spinal cord in normal and dysraphic dogs

Engel, Harold Nicholas

doi:10.31274/rtd-180816-5626

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Spinal dysraphism, a congenital defect defined as a midline lesion due to incomplete closure of the neural tube, 1,4,10 is uncommon in cattle. 1 There are no recent descriptions of the pathology of this condition in cattle.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,7 It seems unusual, however, that the lesion occurred in the cervical intumescence of the spinal cord and without vertebral defect in this calf, because spinal dysraphism in calves usually involves the caudal thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments 3 and is often associated with spina bifida, arthrogryposis, or both. 2,[7][8][9] The hydromyelia observed could have been caused by a dilatation of the central canal in association with obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow 5,7 due to central canal agenesis. The lack of evidence of direct connection between the hydromyelic and syringomyelic cavities suggested that the syringomyelia was not caused by an extension of the hydromyelic cavity into the cord parenchyma.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Spinal Dysraphism in a Newborn Holstein-Friesian Calf

Ohfuji¹

1999

Vet Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Spinal dysraphism, not associated with vertebral defect or arthrogryposis, was found in a 3-day-old Holstein-Friesian calf that was clinically diagnosed as having encephalopathy. The dysraphic lesion occurred in the sixth (C6) and seventh (C7) segments of the cervical spinal cord. Microscopically, the lesion was characterized by hydromyelia, syringomyelia, anomaly of the ventral median fissure, abnormal running of the myelinated nerve fibers in the white column, and absence of the central canal due to a developmental defect of the ependymal cells.Key words: Calf; dysraphism; histology; spinal cord.Spinal dysraphism, a congenital defect defined as a midline lesion due to incomplete closure of the neural tube, 1,4,10 is uncommon in cattle. 1 There are no recent descriptions of the pathology of this condition in cattle. This report describes an additional case of spinal dysraphism in a newborn calf.A 3-day-old Holstein-Friesian bull calf had been unable to rise since birth. The calf lay with the limbs and neck stiffly extended and showed sudden convulsive seizures at intervals of a few minutes. Paddling movements of the limbs were seen between spontaneous convulsions. The calf was euthanatized because of a suspected brain lesion with poor prognosis. The 4-year-old dam of the calf had given birth to another normal calf previously. Pedigree information about the sire was unavailable.At necropsy, the vertebral column, including cervical vertebrae, joints, and skeletal muscles, appeared normal; however, the C6 and C7 segments of the spinal cord had a centrally located spindloid cavity, measuring 1.2-cm long, 4 mm in diameter transversely, and 3.5 mm in diameter dorsoventrally at its maximum dimension. In addition, bilateral and roughly symmetric, smaller, cystic cavities filled with a clear fluid were in the dorsal septal region of the segment C7. Otherwise, there were no significant lesions.Microscopically, the central cavity at the C6 and C7 segments of the spinal cord was partially lined by ependymal cells, indicating its central canal origin; hence, the hydromyelia (Fig. 1). The central canal through C6 and C7 had a variety of abnormal features: a distorted canal lined by a single to double layer of ependymal cells, which showed variation in size and shape (Fig. 2); a dilated canal partially lined by pseudostratified ependymal cells whose nuclei were significantly smaller in size than those of the ependymal cells that lined the canal of the unaffected spinal segments (Fig. 3, Table 1); central microrosette formation (Fig. 4); and complete absence of the canal (Fig. 5), without evidence of preexisting inflammatory, traumatic, or neoplastic changes. The dorsal and ventral horn neurons appeared normal. In addition to the aberrations of the central canal, there were two cystic cavities in the dorsal funiculi, lined by parenchymal glial fibers; hence, the syringomyelia (Fig. 1). Dilated myelin sheaths with swollen axons or macrophages were scattered around the cavities. Proliferation of astrocytes was not foun...

show abstract

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal Dysraphism in a Newborn Holstein-Friesian Calf

Ohfuji¹

1999

Vet Pathol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(Confer & Ward, 1972). Engel and Draper (1982a), as well as others (Confer & Ward, 1972; McGrath, 1965), were able to establish that this disorder was heritable in the breed, revealing abnormalities in 80% of the embryos examined from dysraphic matings ( n = 10) (Engel & Draper, 1982b). Several breeding experiments in the Weimaraner have been conducted in the past to determine a mode of inheritance, but were not conclusive.…”

Section: Spinal Ntdsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Comparison of inherited neural tube defects in companion animals and livestock

Zarzycki

Thomas

Mazrier

2020

Birth Defects Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital malformations resulting from the improper or incomplete closure of the neural tube during embryonic development. A number of similar malformations of the protective coverings surrounding the central nervous system are also often included under this umbrella term, which may not strictly fit this definition. A range of NTD phenotypes exist and have been reported in humans and a wide range of domestic and livestock species. In the veterinary literature, these include cases of anencephaly, encephalocele, dermoid sinus, spina bifida, and craniorachischisis. While environmental factors have a role, genetic predisposition may account for a significant part of the risk of NTDs in these animal cases. Studies of laboratory model species (fish, birds, amphibians, and rodents) have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the neurulation process. In mice, over 200 genes that may be involved in this process have been identified and variant phenotypes investigated. Like laboratory mouse models, domestic animals and livestock species display a wide range of NTD phenotypes. They remain, however, a largely underutilized population and could complement already established laboratory models. Here we review reports of NTDs in companion animals and livestock, and compare these to other animal species and human cases. We aim to highlight the potential of nonlaboratory animal models for mutation discovery as well as general insights into the mechanisms of neurulation and the development of NTDs.

show abstract

“…The thick lateral walls have three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. The primordium had three layers by 19 days in pig (Rugh, 1964), 21 days in cattle (Reddy, 1972), 25 days in human (Langman, 1981) and 24 days in dog (Engel and Draper, 1982) and goat (Maya et al, 2014) in the first month of gestation.…”

Section: Ontogenesis Of the Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review

Maya

2024

IJAR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Spinal cord is the major nerve tract of vertebrates, extending from the brain through the vertebral canal. Primordium, the neural tube was initially with thick lateral walls having three layers: inner germinal/ependymal layer, middle mantle layer forming the gray matter and outer marginal layer forming white matter. It presented a diamond-shaped lumen with a sulcus limitans, alar, basal, roof and floor plates and limiting membranes. Gray matter of the cord occupies the central region of spinal cord and in amniotes has in cross section, the well-known ‘H’ or butterfly-like shape. The white matter forms a thick peripheral zone of the cord and is divided by the gray columns into dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi. There are three coumns for the gray matter, viz. the dorsal, ventral and lateral horns, with ventral ones being wider at the enlargements of the cord. Lateral horn appears only at thoracic, anterior lumbar and middle sacral levels. The layers of gray matter were laminae I to X. Lamina I or marginal zone capped the dorsal horn. Lamina II represented substantia gelatinosa and covered the dorsal horn, beneath marginal zone. Lamina III was an area with loosely arranged larger cells, entering the substantia gelatinosa. Lamina IV was a poorly defined cell column with nucleus proprius. Lamina V was a broad zone extending across the cervix of the dorsal horn; had spinal reticular nucleus and reticular processes. The region showed small to medium-sized cells which were most numerous in the zone between the ventral part of the dorsal horn and the lateral funiculus of white matter. Lamina VI was broad with unclear boundaries, related medially to central canal. It had compact medial and less compact lateral zones. Lamina VII shows the intermediate gray matter, with intermediolateral and intermediomedial nuclei, cervical nucleus of Stilling and Clark’s column. Lamina VIII had cells of small and medium size and was not sharply distinguished from lamina VII. Lamina IX had alpha and gamma type of neurons, which were larger at enlargements. Ventral horn had lateral and medial nuclear groups of multipolar neurons. Medial nuclear groups were seen in all regions and lateral groups only at enlargements. Medial nuclear group had dorsomedial and ventromedial nuclei; whereas the smaller lateral nuclear group had dorsolateral and ventrolateral nuclei. In addition, the enlargements also had central and retrodorsolateral nuclei. Lamina X was seen around the central canal. Laminae varied in cell size and thickness between regions of the cord. Development of laminae and nuclei of spinal gray in fetuses corresponded to the progressive growth of muscles and skeleton. All the ten laminae were together present in the spinal gray matter by the end of gestation.

show abstract

Comparative prenatal development of the spinal cord in normal and dysraphic dogs

Cited by 3 publications

References 31 publications

Spinal Dysraphism in a Newborn Holstein-Friesian Calf

Spinal Dysraphism in a Newborn Holstein-Friesian Calf

Comparison of inherited neural tube defects in companion animals and livestock

Developmental Anatomy of Gray Matter of Spinal Cord in Animals with Special Reference to Prenatal Goat: A Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About