Comparative physiological anthropogeny: exploring molecular underpinnings of distinctly human phenotypes

Abstract

Anthropogeny is a classic term encompassing transdisciplinary investigations of the origins of the human species. Comparative Anthropogeny is a systematic comparison of humans and other living non-human hominids (so-called "Great Apes"), aiming to identify distinctly human features in health and disease, with the overall goal of explaining human origins. We begin with a historical perspective, briefly describing how the field progressed from earliest evolutionary insights to the current emphasis on in-depth molecular and genomic investigations of "human-specific" biology and an increased appreciation for cultural impacts on human biology. While many such genetic differences between humans and other hominids have been revealed over the last two decades, this information remains insufficient to explain most distinctive phenotypic traits distinguishing humans from other living hominids. Here we undertake a complementary approach of "comparative physiological anthropogeny", along the lines of the preclinical medical curriculum, i.e., beginning with anatomy and considering each physiological system, and in each case considering genetic and molecular components that are relevant. What is ultimately needed is a systematic comparative approach at all levels from molecular to physiological to sociocultural, building networks of related information, drawing inferences, and generating testable hypotheses. The concluding section will touch on distinctive considerations in the study of human evolution, including the importance of gene-culture interactions.

Oleuropein impact on colorectal cancer

“…The related risk ratios for CRC increased due to a higher fasting plasma glucose and higher body mass index, while the proportions attributed to smoking, alcohol use and a diet rich in processed meat decreased and the ratio of risk factors contributing to CRC mortality differed by country and age. In 2019, the proportion attributed to higher fasting plasma glucose and lower levels of physical activity increased CRC, but the ratio of CRC decreased with low milk and calcium diets [ 35 ].…”