Comparative Phenology and Cohort Survival of Beech Scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in Part of its Native Range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an Invaded Area (Massachusetts, USA)

Abstract

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Beech bark disease in North America: Over a century of research revisited

“…It is unclear what factors influence brood cycle and frequency in beech scale. However differences between Palearctic and Nearctic populations are unlikely to be explained by cumulative degree-days which are similar in parts of the native and invaded ranges (Japoshvili et al, 2015).…”

“…Beech scale infestations on American beech in forests of Massachusetts long-affected by BBD were on average 44.4 times denser than those on Oriental beech in the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia in eastern Europe (Van Driesche and Japoshvili, 2012). However, annual scale cohort survival can be lower in North America compared to Europe (Japoshvili et al, 2015).…”

“…This insect has differing life cycles in its native and invaded ranges. Beech scale is likely native to the Black Sea region of southeastern Europe, where it produces two broods per year (i.e., bivoltine) on Oriental beech (F. orientalis) (Gwiazdowski et al, 2006;Japoshvili et al, 2015). In its native range, scales overwinter as adults (Japoshvili et al, 2015).…”

“…Beech scale is likely native to the Black Sea region of southeastern Europe, where it produces two broods per year (i.e., bivoltine) on Oriental beech (F. orientalis) (Gwiazdowski et al, 2006;Japoshvili et al, 2015). In its native range, scales overwinter as adults (Japoshvili et al, 2015). In North America, beech scale produces one brood per year (i.e., univoltine) (Brown, 1934;Hawboldt, 1944;Japoshvili et al, 2015).…”

“…In its native range, scales overwinter as adults (Japoshvili et al, 2015). In North America, beech scale produces one brood per year (i.e., univoltine) (Brown, 1934;Hawboldt, 1944;Japoshvili et al, 2015). In New England, adult females deposit up to 50 pale yellow eggs in the wax coat below their abdomen in June and July.…”