NotesAntibiotics are often coadministered to patients with severe infectious diseases. We previously investigated the actual situation of parenteral antibiotics use at the Hokkaido Prefectural Hospital Haboro and found that a combination therapy of imipenem (IPM) and piperacillin (PIPC) was often undertaken for the treatment of serious infections such as sepsis. In most cases, this treatment was shifted from PIPC monotherapy to combination therapy of IPM and PIPC with clinical deterioration, in spite of the fact that the antimicrobial spectrum widely overlapped in these two b-lactam antibiotics. The combination therapy of an appropriate b-lactam antibiotic and an aminoglycoside or a fluoroquinolone is generally recommended for sepsis. 1) On the other hand, a recent review has suggested that the combination therapy of an aminoglycoside and a b-lactam antibiotic is discouraged for sepsis and, in fact, increases the risk of nephrotoxicity.2) Supporting this, our investigation showed that the combination therapy of an aminoglycoside and IPM or PIPC was much less common compared with the combination therapy of IPM and PIPC at the hospital. Moreover, the physicians empirically realized the outcomes of the concomitant use of IPM with PIPC for severe sepsis although they did not know the exact reason. As antibiotics are often expensive, a combination therapy has to be chosen to surpass monotherapy on the basis of potential advantages such as synergism and prevention of developed resistance. However, little information has been available to date on the benefit of the combination therapy of IPM and PIPC.It is well known that a variety of b-lactam antibiotics are excreted into urine via the organic anion transporters (OATs) located on the basolateral membranes of proximal tubules.
3)Furthermore, it has been reported that PIPC is capable of inhibiting renal transport of several b-lactam antibiotics possibly mediated by OATs. 4,5) However, it has been implied that IPM might be a substrate of a renal OAT.6) Thus, a likely benefit of combination therapy of IPM and PIPC over IPM or PIPC monotherapy is that PIPC interferes with the renal transport of IPM via an OAT, retards the renal clearance of IPM, and maintains the high blood concentration of IPM. Moreover, as IPM is one of the most nephrotoxic b-lactam antibiotics, 7) it is also likely that the combination therapy of IPM and PIPC is beneficial in reducing this nephrotoxicity. However, there have been no reports demonstrating that IPM and PIPC mutually interfere with their renal transport via an OAT. In order to clarify the clinical benefit of the combination therapy of IPM and PIPC, the pharmacokinetic interactions between these two b-lactam antibiotics were investigated in this study by measuring their uptake by rat renal cortical slices and by determining blood concentrations after intravenous infusion to rabbits. In Vitro Uptake by Rat Renal Cortical Slices In this study the animal experiments were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Labor...