Comparative pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin administered intravenously to sheep and goats

Abstract

The pharmacokinetic behavior of sodium amoxicillin was studied after intravenous administration to six sheep and five goats to determine if there are species differences in disposition. The plasma drug concentrations vs. time following intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg were best described by the biexponential equations Cp = 42.9e-0.077.t + 3.68e-0.0134.t for goats, and Cp = 53.5e-0.06.t + 1.69e-0.015.t for sheep. The terminal disposition half-lives for sheep and goats were 46.3 and 66.9 min respectively and were not significantly different. Amoxicillin clearance for sheep and goats were 10.1 and 11.4 ml/min.kg respectively. There were no significant differences between any of the pharmacokinetic parameters measured in sheep and goats.

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to turkeys and chickens

“…The difference in rate of excretion of clavulanic acid reflected in the clearance values may be due to differences in the elimination half-life (ij^) of the drug, but this was not the case with amoxicillin. The body clearances of amoxicillin in both species were found to be slower than that reported by Dorrestein et al (1987) in pigeons, and somewhat faster than that found in some mammals (Craigmill et al, 1992;Montesissa et al, 1988).…”

Pharmacokinetic - pharmacodynamic model and ampicillin residue depletion after intramammary administration in cows

“…They (n = 9) received 5 g of the drug, containing 75 mg of AMP sodium in physiological solution, through a syringe tube by intramammary administration. Following single intramammary administration, the milk samples (5 mL) were collected after 2, 4,6,8,10,24, 36, 48, and 60 h. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was performed on the Agilent 1200 system connected to an AB Sciex API 4000™ mass spectrometer. The pharmacokinetic analysis of the concentrations of the antibiotic in milk was performed using software Phoenix ® WinNonlin ® 6.4.…”

Bioequivalence study of two oral amoxicillin formulations (Biocillin® and Atcomox 87%®) in broiler chickens

“…The pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in the chicken followed a two-compartment open model in view of the bi-exponential decline of plasma amoxicillin concentrations; this kinetic disposition was similar to that described previously in man, cows, mares, horses, dogs, and sheep and goats. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Following intravenous administration, the disappearance of the drug from the plasma of chickens was characterized by an initial rapid distribution phase (t0.5α) 0.22 h for both groups; followed by a slower elimination phase (t0.5β) 8.05 and 6.71 h for both groups, respectively. The results indicate that amoxicillin distributed more quickly after intravenous dosing.…”

“…After the IV dose of 20 mg/kg, the (t0.5β) observed for amoxicillin in chickens was substantially greater than that reported for pigeons, dogs, sheep and goats, cows, buffalo calves, horses and humans where the range of reported values for (t0.5β) is 45 min for pigeon and sheep to 2 h for buffalo calves. [18][19][20] This could be due to differences in protein binding, biotransformation and excretion of the antibiotic. Earlier studies on the excretion of amoxicillin have demonstrated that this drug is eliminated mainly via urine and bile in other species of domestic animals.…”

“…The oral bioavailability determined here (64.15 and 65.54% for Biocillin ® and Atcomox 87% ® , respectively), was lower than that observed in humans (75 to 93%;, higher than that determined for ruminating calves (35%; and similar to that calculated for pigeons (20 to 67%, amoxicillin formulation-dependent. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]27,28 In birds, the anatomy and digestive physiology are different from ruminant and other mammalian species, and thus the systemic availability of a drug and values of the disposition parameters may vary widely among the species. In the present study, although oral bioavailability of amoxicillin was not complete, plasma amoxicillin concentrations of potential therapeutic value were obtained Bioequivalence study is a test to assure the clinical efficacy of a generic versus brand drugs.…”