Comparative pathology of inflammation in the higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals)

Epidemiologic assessment of trauma-independent skeletal pathology in non-passerine birds from museum collections

“…The current study confirms infections predominantly in geese, ducks, cockerells, pigeons and especially domestics (Adler, 1959;Jungherr, 1959;Frost, 1961;Carnaghan, 1966;Ackerman et al , 1974;Wise, 1975;Montali, 1988;Olson & Kerr, 1967;Quesenberry, 1997;Saif, 2003), but also documents its occurrence in swans and birds of prey (Table 1). The frequencies, however, were statistically indistinguishable among families.…”

“…Three-quarters were affected in the lower extremity, predominantly ankle, knee and tibiotarsus, in diminishing order of frequency (Table 1). This expands on previous notation of prominent ankle involvement (Jungherr, 1959;Frost, 1961;Carnaghan, 1966;Wise, 1975;Olson & Kerr, 1967;Montali, 1988;Landman et al , 1999;Zwart, 2000) and represents the first actual delineation of frequencies of bone involvement based on defleshed skeletons (Olson et al ., 1957;Olson & Kerr, 1967;Walker et al ., 1972;Page et al , 1983). The shoulder, elbow, hip, and metatarsal phalangeal joints and fibula, radius, pelvis and sternum were only occasionally affected.…”

Pathologic and Parasitologic Findings of Cold-Stunned Kemp’s Ridley Sea Turtles (Lepidochelys Kempii) Stranded on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 2001–2006

“…The initial cell in acute inflammatory reactions in reptiles is the heterophil (Montali, 1988;Stacy and Pessier, 2007), and inflammatory infiltrates in the turtles of this study that were predominantly heterophilic were interpreted as acute or subacute. Interpretations of the temporality of inflammatory infiltrates in reptiles are difficult, however, because inflammatory responses are profoundly influenced by environmental temperature (Stacy and Pessier, 2007).…”

“…Heterophilic exudates identified in instances of pneumonia in these sea turtles represent early inflammatory responses. In birds with early pulmonary aspergillosis, lesions that begin as focal accumulations of heterophils in bronchi and capillary air spaces can progress to granuloma forma-tion in a week or less (Montali, 1988). Irritant-induced heterophilic infiltrates in alligators were followed within 24 hr by monocytes, and heterophilic granuloma formation occurred as early as 7 days (Mateo et al, 1984).…”

Presumptive granulocytic leukemia in a hognose snake (Heterodon platirhinos)

“…AB reacts with mucopolysaccharides in basophil granules of many species (Raskin 2010) and exhibits variable reactivity in canine and feline mast cells (Raskin 2010). However, alligator basophils were negative for AB (Montali 1988).…”