Comparative occurrence of diabetes in canine, feline, and few wild animals and their association with pancreatic diseases and ketoacidosis with therapeutic approach

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder in which blood glucose level raises that can result in severe complications. However, the incidence increased mostly by obesity, pregnancy, persistent corpus luteum, and diestrus phase in humans and animals. This review has focused on addressing the possible understanding and pathogenesis of spontaneous DM in canine, feline, and few wild animals. Furthermore, pancreatic associated disorders, diabetic ketoacidosis, hormonal and drug interaction with diabetes, and herbal remedies associated with DM are elucidated. Bibliographic search for the present review was done using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for articles on concurrent DM in small and wild animals. Persistent corpus luteal and pseudopregnancy in female dogs generate gestational DM (GDM). GDM can also be caused by extensive use of drugs/hormones such as glucocorticosteroids. Although many similarities are present between diabetic cats and diabetic humans which present islet amyloidosis, there was a progressive loss of β- and α-cells and the normal number of δ-cells. The most prominent similarity is the occurrence of islet amyloidosis in all cases of diabetic cat and over 90% of human non-insulin dependent DM Type-2. Acute pancreatic necrosis (APN) occurs due to predisposing factors such as insulin antagonism, insulin resistance, alteration in glucose tolerance, obesity, hyperadrenocorticism, and persistent usage of glucocorticoids, as these play a vital role in the progression of APN. To manage such conditions, it is important to deal with the etiological agent, risk factors, diagnosis of diabetes, and hormonal and drug interaction along with its termination with suitable therapy (herbal) protocols. It should be noted that the protocols used for the diagnosis and treatment of human DM are not appropriate for animals. Further investigations regarding diabetic conditions of pets and wild animals are required, which will benefit the health status of all animals health worldwide.

Body condition and poxvirus infection predict circulating glucose levels in a colorful songbird that inhabits urban and rural environments

“…So, what might a positive body condition (i.e., more soft body mass for a given structural size) reveal in relation to glucose in these cases? Obesity is commonly linked to hyperglycemia in animals (Kanasaki & Koya, 2011;Niaz et al, 2018;Wong, Chin, Suhaimi, Fairus & Ima-Nirwana, 2016), but because we did not quantify body fat or muscle per se here, we cannot rule out that relative masses of other tissues/organs (not necessarily obesity) could contribute to this result. As free-ranging songbirds are generally so physically and metabolically active and presumed not to suffer from diabetes, it would be interesting now to determine whether or not commonly considered factors linked to obesity, such as diet and activity patterns, help explain this relationship between avian body condition and circulating glucose titers.…”

Histological and ultrastructural studies of the pancreas of native rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

“…The present study had discussed the normal morphological structure of rabbit pancreas with focusing on its endocrine part, because its functional significance and any disturbance to this function might cause sickness of diabetes. Recently, diabetes had become widespread disease encountered in both farm and wild animals which they were affected with this illness naturally and experimentally (9,10).…”

Pawsitive selection : Genetics of dog-human communication

“…But dogs are also an important genetic model for us to learn more about human diseases and disorders. We do not only share our homes and similar behavioural variation with dogs, but also welfare diseases such as obesity (German 2006) and diabetes (Niaz et al 2018) as well as psychiatric disorders such as obsessive compulsory disorder (Moon-Fanelli et al 2011) and hyperactivity (Kubinyi et al 2012). Up until today, 746 diseases or disorders have been reported in dogs and 438 of these are potential models for human disease (OMIA, Online Mendelian Inheritance In animals, https://omia.org/home/).…”