Comparative Mycobacterium tuberculosis Spoligotype Distribution in Mexico

Abstract

In the present work, we studied the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates from patients according to their gender, age, and geographic location in Mexico. We did not observe any statistically significant differences in regard to age or gender. We found that spoligo international type 53 (SIT53) is more frequent in the northern states and that SIT119 predominates in central Mexico. In a previous work, we described the spoligotype distribution in Nuevo León, Mexico, and reported that spoligo international type 53 (SIT53) and SIT119 were the most common spoligotypes to be isolated (representing ϳ39% of the total sample) (1). We also reported the tendencies of SIT53 to be isolated more frequently in elderly patients and of SIT119 to be isolated more frequently in younger patients (Ͻ20 years old). However, our sample size was too small to definitively support this conclusion. In the present work, we used a larger population sample to determine whether this difference is genuine and compared the distribution of spoligotypes in Nuevo León against those of the oldest and most densely populated region of Mexico, Mexico City, which has a population of ϳ30 million people.M. tuberculosis isolates (n ϭ 414) were obtained from the laboratories of either the Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública or the tuberculosis clinic at the Hospital Universitario, Dr. José E. Gonzalez UANL, Monterrey, Mexico, from 2001 to 2012. Because we observed a relationship between the distribution of spoligotypes and patient gender and age in a previous study, we included 233 new samples from Nuevo León; 116 cases were from patients 0 to 20 years old, and 117 cases were from patients Ͼ50 years old. From the Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER) in Mexico City, we obtained 181 isolates from patients from several of Mexico's states, including Distrito Federal (n ϭ 126), Chiapas (n ϭ 10), Oaxaca (n ϭ 11), Veracruz (n ϭ 24), San Luis Potosí (n ϭ 1), Jalisco (n ϭ 1), and Michoacán (n ϭ 8).Isolates were obtained from any tuberculosis patient in the population and were grown on Lowenstein-Jensen medium. DNA isolation was performed using the method of van Embden et al. (2). Spoligotyping was accomplished using a standard technique as described previously (3).The spoligotypes were entered into the SITVIT2 database (Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe) in a binary format. This database is an updated version of the previously released SpolDB4 database (see http://www.pasteur-guadeloupe.fr:8081/SITVIT_ONLINE).To establish differences in the spoligotype distribution among patients of different ages and genders, 233 samples corresponding to individuals who were either Ͻ30 or Ͼ60 years of age were analyzed. We observed a difference of 33% for SIT119 over SIT53 in the male patients, although this difference was not statistically significant. In the groups divided by age, we observed a 33% increase in the number of SIT119 spoligotypes in the younger patients; however, no significant differences were observed (Table 1). Final...

Genetic Diversity and Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Isolates and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Identification from Presumptive Tuberculosis Cases in Oaxaca, Mexico

“…The genotypic diversity of clinical isolates in the state of Oaxaca differs from other national reports (Macias Parra et al, 2011;Martinez-Guarneros et al, 2013;Zenteno-Cuevas et al, 2013), specifically those from the northern and central region of the country (Lopez-Alvarez et al, 2010;Molina-Torres et al, 2010), where the genotypes T, LAM and X are the most frequently reported. The T lineage was not detected in the oaxacan population, besides LAM and X which occurred in low frequency, 12% and 10% respectively.…”

“…The T lineage was not detected in the oaxacan population, besides LAM and X which occurred in low frequency, 12% and 10% respectively. Unexpectedly we detected a high occurrence of EAI sub-lineage (26.1%), belonging to the Indo-Oceanic lineage, which has been reported at low frequencies throughout the country (Macias Parra et al, 2011;Molina-Torres et al, 2010), except for Acapulco City, in the state of Guerrero (Nava-Aguilera et al, 2011), where it was reported as the main genotype (44.6%). It has been proposed that high occurrence of Indo-Oceanic strains could be due to their arrival directly from Philippines between XVI and XIX centuries when both countries were Spanish colonies and kept frequent maritime communication through the Pacific Ocean, where Oaxaca and Guerrero are located (Nava-Aguilera et al, 2011).…”

Whole genomic sequencing based genotyping reveals a specific X3 sublineage restricted to Mexico and related with multidrug resistance

“…Only 21% of isolates were clustered by WGS analysis, while the use of traditional genotyping techniques in isolates from Mexico has produced percentages of clustering that range from 60 to 70% 8 , 10 , 25 , 32 – 34 . The overestimation of clustering by traditional genotyping techniques is well recognized, particularly in the case of spoligotyping, whereas WGS has a better clustering discrimination capability and provides better descriptions of transmission clusters that occur in the population, in addition, the inclusion of information from patients is of great help to identify epidemiological links and transmission routes in patients located within identified clusters 4 , 7 , 35 , 36 .…”

“…The most frequent L4 MTBC sublineages were L4.1.1 (X) with 21 (31%) isolates, followed by L4.1.2 (T) with 20 (30%) isolates. The T sublineage is frequently described in Mexico 8 , 21 , while X has a very low occurrence and has only been described with prevalences ranging from 21 to 29% in two reports from the central and northern regions of the country 11 , 34 . The high proportion found here is therefore unusual and is the first such finding for isolates circulating in the southern region of the country.…”

Type-2 diabetes alters the basal phenotype of human macrophages and diminishes their capacity to respond, internalise, and control Mycobacterium tuberculosis

“…Little information is available on the molecular epidemiology in Mexico of Mycobacterium species. However, the published data report a variety of lineages that are prevalent in the surveyed regions ( Lopez-Rocha et al 2013 , Vera-Cabrera et al 2014 , Flores-Treviño et al 2015 , Zenteno-Cuevas et al 2015 ). While it is clear that T2D constitutes a risk for the development of TB, the immunological abnormalities that contribute to this event and the influence of the virulence of Mtb strains are less clear.…”