Comparative mycobactericidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in suspension and carrier tests

Best, Maureen; Sattar, Syed A.; Springthorpe, V S; Kennedy, M E

doi:10.1128/aem.54.11.2856-2858.1988

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Ethanol is also effective against various mycobacteria. Ethanol at 95% killed M. tuberculosis in sputum within 15 s, 70% ethanol required a contact time of 30 s, and 50% ethanol required 60 s (524), which was also required against M. smegmatis (54). Similar results were obtained with 70% ethanol and M. tuberculosis (55).…”

Section: Ethanol Isopropanol and N-propanolsupporting

confidence: 62%

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

2004

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The etiology of nosocomial infections, the frequency of contaminated hands with the different nosocomial pathogens, and the role of health care workers' hands during outbreaks suggest that a hand hygiene preparation should at least have activity against bacteria, yeasts, and coated viruses. The importance of efficacy in choosing the right hand hygiene product is reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on hand hygiene (J. M. Boyce and D. Pittet, Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:1-45, 2002). The best antimicrobial efficacy can be achieved with ethanol (60 to 85%), isopropanol (60 to 80%), and n-propanol (60 to 80%). The activity is broad and immediate. Ethanol at high concentrations (e.g., 95%) is the most effective treatment against naked viruses, whereas n-propanol seems to be more effective against the resident bacterial flora. The combination of alcohols may have a synergistic effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (2 to 4%) and triclosan (1 to 2%) is both lower and slower. Additionally, both agents have a risk of bacterial resistance, which is higher for chlorhexidine than triclosan. Their activity is often supported by the mechanical removal of pathogens during hand washing. Taking the antimicrobial efficacy and the mechanical removal together, they are still less effective than the alcohols. Plain soap and water has the lowest efficacy of all. In the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline, promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs containing various emollients instead of irritating soaps and detergents is one strategy to reduce skin damage, dryness, and irritation. Irritant contact dermatitis is highest with preparations containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, less frequent with nonantimicrobial soaps and preparations containing lower concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, and lowest with well-formulated alcohol-based hand rubs containing emollients and other skin conditioners. Too few published data from comparative trials are available to reliably rank triclosan. Personnel should be reminded that it is neither necessary nor recommended to routinely wash hands after each application of an alcohol-based hand rub. Long-lasting improvement of compliance with hand hygiene protocols can be successful if an effective and accessible alcohol-based hand rub with a proven dermal tolerance and an excellent user acceptability is supplied, accompanied by education of health care workers and promotion of the use of the product

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Section: Ethanol Isopropanol and N-propanolsupporting

confidence: 62%

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

2004

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“…Chlorine dioxide was a better mycobacterial disinfectant than chlorine at equal concentrations. All tests mentioned above are mainly suspension tests, and it has been shown that the mycobactericidal efficacy of chlorine in suspension tests differs from carrier tests, with a lower efficacy noticed for carrier tests [298].…”

Section: Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health

et al. 2005

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In contrast to the notorious pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, the majority of the mycobacterial species described to date are generally not considered as obligate human pathogens. The natural reservoirs of these non-primary pathogenic mycobacteria include aquatic and terrestrial environments. Under certain circumstances, e.g., skin lesions, pulmonary or immune dysfunctions and chronic diseases, these environmental mycobacteria (EM) may cause disease. EM such as M. avium, M. kansasii, and M. xenopi have frequently been isolated from drinking water and hospital water distribution systems. Biofilm formation, amoeba-associated lifestyle, and resistance to chlorine have been recognized as important factors that contribute to the survival, colonization and persistence of EM in water distribution systems. Although the presence of EM in tap water has been linked to nosocomial infections and pseudo-infections, it remains unclear if these EM provide a health risk for immunocompromised people, in particular AIDS patients. In this regard, control strategies based on maintenance of an effective disinfectant residual and low concentration of nutrients have been proposed to keep EM numbers to a minimum in water distribution systems.

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“…A membrane filtration method, in which washing in situ removes residual biocide and in which colony counting is facilitated on the membrane itself, has been described by Ascenzi et al (1986) and by Collins (1987). Carrier methods are considered by Leers et al (1974), Davis et al (1984, Collins (1986a), Best et al (1988 and Mbithi et al (1993).…”

Section: Mycobactericidal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of biocides against mycobacteria

Russell

1996

Journal of Applied Bacteriology

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Comparative mycobactericidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in suspension and carrier tests

Cited by 66 publications

References 15 publications

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs

Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health

Activity of biocides against mycobacteria

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