Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves

Veeramohan, Rubashiny; Azizan, Kamalrul Azlan; Goh, Hoe-Han; Aizat, Wan Mohd; Razak, Mohd Fauzi Abd; Yusof, Nur Sabrina Mohd; Mansor, Sharif Mahsufi; Baharum, Syarul Nataqain; Ng, Chyan Leong

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0283147

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 106 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Only six alkaloids were found at higher levels in RS than in SD, including L-tyramine, trigonelline, and dhurrin (Figure S7). These results indicate that SD is richer in medicinally beneficial alkaloids that have outstanding biological activities [64]. We also found an interesting phenomenon in which the levels of most terpenoids in CV were significantly higher than those in RS and SD (Figure S8).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Changes in the Metabolome and Nutritional Quality of Pulp from Three Types of Korla Fragrant Pears with Different Appearances as Revealed by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

Jiang,

Yan,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Plants

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Korla fragrant pear (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü) fruits have a unique flavor and are rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids, amino acids, and other nutrients. At present, the molecular basis of the quality differences among Korla fragrant pear fruits with a convex calyx and rough skin (RS), calyx shedding (SD), and a convex calyx (CV) remains unknown. To analyze the main metabolic components of Korla fragrant pear fruits and compare the antioxidant activities of these three fruits with different qualities, we used nutrient composition analysis and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS)-based widely targeted metabolomics approaches to analyze the changes in the quality characteristics of the pulp of these three Korla fragrant pear fruits with different appearances. The nutrient composition analysis showed that the fructose and glucose contents were not significantly different, and sucrose and vitamin C contents were significantly higher in SD fruits compared with CV and RS fruits. However, the levels of flavor substances such as titratable acids, total phenols, and total flavonoids were high in the pulp of RS fruits. The metabolomics results identified 1976 metabolites that were clustered into 12 categories, and phenolic acid and flavonoid metabolites were the most abundant. The differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the fruits with different appearances were screened by multivariate statistical methods, and a total of 595 DAMs were detected. The analysis identified 300 DAMs between the CV and SD fruits, 246 DAMs between the RS and CV fruits, and 405 DAMs between the RS and SD groups. SD fruits contained the most metabolites with a high relative content, especially phenolic acids, lipids, amino acids and derivatives, alkaloids, and organic acids. Compared with CV fruits, flavonoid metabolism was more active in RS fruits, which also had a higher content of flavonoids, whereas the fewest metabolites were found in CV fruits, which also displayed less flavonoid accumulation. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DAMs were mainly enriched in the metabolic pathways of flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, confirming that CV fruits have decreased flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and accumulate fewer flavonoids than RS fruits, which may explain the less bitter and astringent flavor of CV fruits. However, the flavonoid content in RS fruits was very high, which may be one of the reasons why RS fruits have a harder pulp and are less juicy, more slaggy, and less flavorful. Moreover, the analysis of the antioxidant activity showed that during fruit development and maturation, RS fruits had stronger antioxidant activity than SD and CV fruits. These results provide a theoretical basis for improving the fruit quality of Korla fragrant pears and the processing of pear pulp.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Changes in the Metabolome and Nutritional Quality of Pulp from Three Types of Korla Fragrant Pears with Different Appearances as Revealed by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

Jiang,

Yan,

Zheng

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…While such findings support the notion that the ingredients of different kratom products can vary substantially, thus far no empirical research has explored whether kratom products sold as different strains are reliably associated with distinct effect profiles. One phytochemical study did examine the metabolomic profile of young and mature kratom leaves and identified five unique alkaloids between the young and mature leaves while 76 secondary metabolites were present in both leaf samples, albeit in different concentrations [18]. While the major alkaloid mitragynine is present in approximately equal amounts in both young and mature leaves, some of the other indole alkaloids, including speciogynine, speciociliatine, and 7-hyroxymitragynine, are present in higher abundance in mature leaves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Psychoactive Differences between Kratom Strains

Huisman,

Menke,

Grundmann

et al. 2023

IJERPH

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Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a Southeast Asian plant containing various alkaloids that induce pharmacological effects in humans. In Western countries, online vendors sell a variety of different kratom strains which are marketed to have distinct effect profiles. However, as of yet such marketing claims are unsubstantiated, and therefore the current study investigated whether differently colored kratom products can induce distinct effects, as self-reported by users. Six hundred forty-four current kratom users were anonymously surveyed to compare the self-reported effects of and motivations for using kratom products sold as red, green, and white strains. Most of the survey respondents were customers of the same kratom vendor, the products of which had been analyzed for their alkaloid content by an independent laboratory. The survey respondents reported distinct subjective experiences for different kratom strains, in a manner congruent with common marketing descriptions. However, the product analyses revealed no significant cross-strain differences in alkaloid content, suggesting that the reported effect differences might be disproportionally influenced by marketing narratives and anecdotal reports. Future studies should engage a more diverse population and include kratom strains from various vendors. Controlled, blinded experiments could assess whether the reported effect differences stem from a placebo effect or from alternative factors, e.g., minor alkaloids and terpenes.

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WITHDRAWN: Elucidating the molecular mechanism of phytochemicals against Parkinson’s disease through an integrated systems biology and molecular modeling approach

Bhowmik,

Kumar,

Manaithiya

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Traditional medicinal plants Mitragyna Speciosa and Plumbago Indica have exhibited several neuroprotective activities against Parkinson disease (PD) in several research studies. Nevertheless, further elucidation is needed about the molecular mechanism by which these medicinal plants exert their neuroprotective effects, as well as the relationship between their active constituents' structure and activity. Using a polypharmacology approach, the study identified metabolic pathways targeted by active phytochemicals of these medicinal plants. Extensive system biology approaches, including protein-protein interaction network analysis, KEGG pathway analysis, and gene functional enrichment study, pinpointed that AKT1 was the key gene involved in the molecular mechanism actions of the active phytochemicals concerning neuroprotective actions. A robust machine-learning guided bioactivity prediction model-based web application (https://akt1pred.streamlit.app/) against AKT1 was developed by implementing PubChem and Substructure fingerprint molecular signatures. Further validation of the model was done by conducting ROC and applicability domain analysis, with subsequent molecular docking studies to understand the molecular mechanisms of the phytochemicals. The web application predicted that delphinidin and kaempferol were the most active phytochemicals responsible for the neuroprotective effects of the medicinal plants, which was further supported by extensive molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation study. These findings indicate a correlation between the structure of these compounds and their bioactivity, with some phytochemicals performing comparably or better than known FDA drugs. Results suggest significant potential for natural products in therapeutic applications, urging further in vitro and in vivo investigation and offering a robust foundation for future research into natural product-based small molecule binding and drug discovery in PD.

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Comparative metabolomics analysis reveals alkaloid repertoires in young and mature Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Leaves

Cited by 4 publications

References 106 publications

Changes in the Metabolome and Nutritional Quality of Pulp from Three Types of Korla Fragrant Pears with Different Appearances as Revealed by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

Changes in the Metabolome and Nutritional Quality of Pulp from Three Types of Korla Fragrant Pears with Different Appearances as Revealed by Widely Targeted Metabolomics

Examining the Psychoactive Differences between Kratom Strains

WITHDRAWN: Elucidating the molecular mechanism of phytochemicals against Parkinson’s disease through an integrated systems biology and molecular modeling approach

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