Comparative metabolite profiling and fingerprinting of genus Passiflora leaves using a multiplex approach of UPLC-MS and NMR analyzed by chemometric tools

Abstract

Passiflora incarnata as well as some other Passiflora species are reported to possess anxiolytic and sedative activity and to treat various CNS disorders. The medicinal use of only a few Passiflora species has been scientifically verified. There are over 400 species in the Passiflora genus worldwide, most of which have been little characterized in terms of phytochemical or pharmacological properties. Herein, large-scale multi-targeted metabolic profiling and fingerprinting techniques were utilized to help gain a broader insight into Passiflora species leaves' chemical composition. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) spectra of extracted components derived from 17 Passiflora accessions and from different geographical origins were analyzed using multivariate data analyses. A total of 78 metabolites were tentatively identified, that is, 20 C-flavonoids, 8 O-flavonoids, 21 C, O-flavonoids, 2 cyanogenic glycosides, and 23 fatty acid conjugates, of which several flavonoid conjugates are for the first time to be reported in Passiflora spp. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the most complete map for secondary metabolite distribution within that genus. Major signals in (1)H-NMR and MS spectra contributing to species discrimination were assigned to those of C-flavonoids including isovitexin-2″-O-xyloside, luteolin-C-deoxyhexoside-O-hexoside, schaftoside, isovitexin, and isoorientin. P. incarnata was found most enriched in C-flavonoids, justifying its use as an official drug within that genus. Compared to NMR, LC-MS was found more effective in sample classification based on genetic and/ or geographical origin as revealed from derived multivariate data analyses. Novel insight on metabolite candidates to mediate for Passiflora CNS sedative effects is also presented.

UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS2-Based Identification and Antioxidant Activity Assessment of Phenolic Compounds from Red Corn Cob (Zea mays L.)

“…Finally, the third one was denoted as apigenin 6- C - pentosyl -8- C -hexoside based on its molecular ion [M − H] − at m / z 563.0036, which released two MS 2 fragment ions at m / z 563, and 473 that correspond to loss of water [M − H] − and cross-ring cleavage of the sugar unit, which is [M−90] − for C-pentosides. These compounds were consistent with a previous report by Piasecka et al [ 24 ], Šulniūtė et al [ 25 ] and Farag et al [ 26 ]. Additionality, the peak 5 with RT = 1.83 exhibited a base peak [M − H] − at m / z 593.0031 and was assigned as luteolin- O -rutinoside since it showed a common MS 2 base peak ion at m / z 285.0391 of the aglycone, that corresponded to the loss of a rutinose moiety (308 Da) [ 27 ].…”

Herbal Medicinal Products fromPassiflorafor Anxiety: An Unexploited Potential

“…Additionally some C-glycosides were identified in just one species, such as luteolin-6-C-chinovoside and luteolin-6-C-fucoside in P. edulis [ 24 , 33 ] and 2″-xylosylvitexin in P. alata [ 33 ]. A comparative metabolite profiling and fingerprinting of the genus Passiflora leaves were reported using a multiplex approach of UPLC-MS and NMR analyzed by chemometric tools [ 41 ]. Thin layer chromatography can also be used in order to differentiate species [ 42 ].…”

Cytotoxic Effects of Sarcophyton sp. Soft Corals—Is There a Correlation to Their NMR Fingerprints?

“…It is of interest to develop analytical tools for soft coral metabolite-based classification in the context of genotype, geographical origin, or growth environment, similar to that well developed for terrestrial plants—especially medicinal plants [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. Recently NMR has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative characterization of metabolites in crude biological extracts.…”