“…For example, in the course of SLM of IN718, anisotropy, microstructure inhomogeneity, residual stress, undesired phases, and incomplete fusion defects are normally caused by the fast crystallization of molten metal. These factors have complex effects on the mechanical properties of materials, especially compared to their forged and cast counterparts [10]. To optimize mechanical properties, thermal treatment is subsequently used to modify the structure of grains [11,12], as well as their type, shape, and size as fabricated from IN718 [13,14].…”