Comparative Investigation of Coincident Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Underlying Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Ducks

Abstract

Avian influenza is a severe viral infection that has the potential to cause human pandemics. In particular, chickens are susceptible to many highly pathogenic strains of the virus, resulting in significant losses. In contrast, ducks have been reported to exhibit rapid and effective innate immune responses to most avian influenza virus (AIV) infections. To explore the distinct genetic programs that potentially distinguish the susceptibility/resistance of both species to AIV, the investigation of coincident SNPs (coSNPs) and their differing causal effects on gene functions in both species is important to gain novel insight into the varying immune-related responses of chickens and ducks. By conducting a pairwise genome alignment between these species, we identified coSNPs and their respective effect on AIV-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in this study. The examination of these genes (e.g., CD74, RUBCN, and SHTN1 for chickens and ABCA3, MAP2K6, and VIPR2 for ducks) reveals their high relevance to AIV. Further analysis of these genes provides promising effector molecules (such as IκBα, STAT1/STAT3, GSK-3β, or p53) and related key signaling pathways (such as NF-κB, JAK/STAT, or Wnt) to elucidate the complex mechanisms of immune responses to AIV infections in both chickens and ducks.

Chlorinated Anthracenes Induced Pulmonary Immunotoxicity in 3D Coculture Spheroids Simulating the Lung Microenvironment

“…TLR5 , primarily expressed in immune cells, recognizes bacterial flagellar proteins, taking on a fundamental role in initiating innate immune responses against pathogens like Helicobacter pylori . Simultaneously, MAP2K6 regulates downstream proteins by phosphorylation, activating MAP kinases in response to foreign invasions . This upregulation may explain how monochlorinated Ant activates immune cells to combat infections.…”

“…51 Simultaneously, MAP2K6 regulates downstream proteins by phosphorylation, activating MAP kinases in response to foreign invasions. 52 This upregulation may explain how monochlorinated Ant activates immune cells to combat infections. In the high concentration of 9,10-Cl 2 Ant, over 70% of enriched KEGG pathways associated with metabolism (Table S7).…”