Comparative Investigation of Body Composition in Male Dogs Using CT and Body Fat Analysis Software

Kobayashi, Tomoya; Kusumi, Akiko; Kitagawa, Masato; Kanayama, Kiichi; Otsuji, Kazuya

doi:10.1292/jvms.13-0397

Cited by 14 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Computed tomography (CT) has overcome many of the limitations encountered by DXA and allows body fat content and distribution to be accurately assessed in dogs [7,[17][18][19][20]. Computed tomography offers several advantages over DXA analysis due to its rapid acquisition time, improved spatial and contrast resolution, ability to view structures in three dimensions, and ability to assign a quantitative value to tissues of different attenuation (Hounsfield units).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartmental fat distribution in the abdomen of dogs relative to overall body fat composition

et al. 2020

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Background: Adipose tissue may have different metabolic and endocrine functions depending on the region of the body in which it is located. While visceral or intra-abdominal fat has been found to contribute to leptin concentrations, insulin resistance and obesity-related diseases, there are only a few imaging studies documenting the preferential distribution of body fat to either the intra-abdominal or subcutaneous compartments in dogs. This study aimed to determine if CT-measured abdominal fat distributed preferentially to the visceral space (V) relative to the subcutaneous space (SQ), with increasing DXA-determined total body fat percentage; and if ultrasound measurements of the ventral midline subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose thickness (VAT) can be used to estimate the distribution of fat to the subcutaneous and visceral abdominal spaces, in a sample of 22 dogs with variable body condition. Results: Multivariate analysis showed no statistically significant correlation between visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio (V/SQ) and increasing total body fat percentage (β = − 0.07, p = 0.733), but strong correlation with age (β = 0.71 p = 0.002). A substantial amount of variation for the ultrasound visceral adipose thickness to subcutaneous fat thickness (VAT/SAT) could be explained by both CT V/SQ and sex (R 2 Adjusted = 0.477, p = 0.001), with female dogs having significant lower VAT/SAT ratios compared to the male dogs (p = 0.047). The ultrasound fat measurements appeared moderately reliable, but a larger sample number is required to confirm this. Conclusions: The findings suggest that dogs with a relatively healthy to slightly overweight body condition score, distribute fat relatively similarly between their peritoneal (visceral) and subcutaneous abdominal compartments with increasing total body fat percentage. However, there was increased fat distribution to the peritoneal space relative to the subcutaneous space with increasing age. Further, abdominal ultrasound may be useful in estimating the ratio of fat distribution to both the abdominal visceral and subcutaneous spaces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compartmental fat distribution in the abdomen of dogs relative to overall body fat composition

et al. 2020

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“…Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility that excretion of Crn in urine increased in the present study due to arginine surplus as a consequence of an increased supply of endogenous arginine rather than dietary (exogenous) arginine. However, the LP used in the present study contained levels of essential amino acids that did not involve extreme restrictions compared to the AAFCO maintenance minimums (26). Therefore, we cannot determine based on the present study alone whether the levels of methionine were in fact insufficient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In Experiment 2, we examined whether long-term feeding of a low protein therapeutic diet would result in sustained hypercatabolism. While the level of protein in the LP did not meet the AAFCO maintenance minimum (26), the level of protein did meet the allowance recommended by the National Research Council (25.0 g/1,000 kcal) (46). Thus, protein restriction was not extreme, and energy requirements were met.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Usefulness of Urinary Creatinine/Urea Nitrogen Ratio as Indicator of Body Protein Catabolism in Dogs Fed Low Protein Diets

et al. 2019

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Low protein diets (LPs) constitute a reportedly effective form of nutritional therapy for canine chronic kidney disease and cirrhosis. These diets have long been feared to result in reduced muscle mass due to protein catabolism. This adverse effect, however, remains largely unrecognized in veterinary medicine as there are no easily applicable catabolism indicators. Therefore, we focused on urinary creatinine, a metabolite of protein in the urine, and examined whether its ratio to urinary urea nitrogen (UCrn/UN) can be used to assess protein catabolism. In Experiment 1, we first consecutively fed seven healthy beagles an LP, standard protein (SP), and high protein (HP) diet for 1 week each and then measured the UCrn/UN ratio at 2-h intervals from fasting to 16 h post-prandially. We consequently found that the UCrn/UN ratio was significantly elevated in the LP pre-prandially and at all post-prandial measurement points (P < 0.01). No significant differences were observed between the SP and HP. Analysis of fasting plasma amino-acid concentrations revealed that the concentration of methionine was significantly lower in the LP than in the other diets (P < 0.05). Although the effects of this change in amino-acid concentration were unclear, the UCrn/UN ratio was considered having increased due to a deficiency in protein and/or amino acids during LP feeding. In Experiment 2, we continuously fed five healthy beagles an LP for 18 weeks and then measured the UCrn/UN ratio as described above. We also measured changes in body composition with computed tomography. At weeks 10 and 18, the fasting UCrn/UN ratio was significantly higher than it was prior to the start of the LP; however, post-prandially, the UCrn/UN ratio decreased to the point that the significant difference disappeared. Muscle mass decreased at weeks 10 and 18. These results suggest that the fasting UCrn/UN ratio could be used as an indicator of protein catabolism in LP feeding. Our experiments thus indicate that examination of potential increases in the UCrn/UN ratio 1 week after introduction of LP feeding to healthy dogs could enable detection of body protein catabolism in long-term feeding of LP before muscle breakdown occurs.

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“…TJ-14, also one of the Kampo formulas in Japanese traditional herbal medicine, is the mixture of seven herbs including pinellia tuber, scutellaria root, glycyrrhiza, jujube, ginseng, processed ginger, and Coptis rhizome, which are registered in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia XV [23]. In clinical practice, TJ-14 has been used for acute or chronic diarrhea, acute gastroenteritis, and for chronic hypoperfusion of the gastrointestinal system [24,25]. It is reported that TJ-14 is effective against diarrhea which is the side effect of chemotherapeutic agents for gastrointestinal cancers [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Phase II Study of TJ-14 (Hangeshashinto) for Infusional Fluorinated-Pyrimidine-based Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy-induced Oral Mucositis

Matsuda

Kono

Munemoto

et al. 2013

Ann. Cancer Res. Therap.

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received the administration of placebo or TJ-14 for 2 weeks at the start of the next course of chemotherapy. Patients were assessed three times per week for safety and for COM incidence and its severity using the WHO grading. Results Ninety eligible patients (TJ-14; 43, placebo; 47) per protocol set analysis were included in the analysis after the key-opening. Although the incidence of grade ≧2 oral mucositis was lower for patients treated with TJ-14 compared to those treated with placebo, there was no significant difference (48.8 vs. 57.4 %; p = 0.41). The median duration of grade ≧2 mucositis was 5.5 versus 10.5 days (p = 0.018). No difference in other treatment toxicity was observed between the two groups, and patients exhibited high compliance in dosing administration. Conclusion The present study results did not meet the primary endpoint. However, TJ-14 demonstrated a significant effect in the treatment of grade ≧2 mucositis in patients with colorectal cancer compared to the placebo.

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Comparative Investigation of Body Composition in Male Dogs Using CT and Body Fat Analysis Software

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Compartmental fat distribution in the abdomen of dogs relative to overall body fat composition

Compartmental fat distribution in the abdomen of dogs relative to overall body fat composition

Usefulness of Urinary Creatinine/Urea Nitrogen Ratio as Indicator of Body Protein Catabolism in Dogs Fed Low Protein Diets

Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Phase II Study of TJ-14 (Hangeshashinto) for Infusional Fluorinated-Pyrimidine-based Colorectal Cancer Chemotherapy-induced Oral Mucositis

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