Comparative Inactivation of Murine Norovirus, Human Adenovirus, and Human JC Polyomavirus by Chlorine in Seawater

Abstract

cViruses excreted by humans affect the commercial and recreational use of coastal water. Shellfish produced in contaminated waters have been linked to many episodes and outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis, as well as other food-borne diseases worldwide. The risk can be reduced by appropriate treatment following harvesting and by depuration. The kinetics of inactivation of murine norovirus 1 and human adenovirus 2 in natural and artificial seawater by free available chlorine was studied by quantifying genomic copies (GC) using quantitative PCR and infectious viral particles (PFU). Human JC polyomavirus Mad4 kinetics were evaluated by quantitative PCR. DNase or RNase were used to eliminate free genomes and assess potential viral infectivity when molecular detection was performed. At 30 min of assay, human adenovirus 2 showed 2.6-and 2.7-log 10 GC reductions and a 2.3-and 2.4-log 10 PFU reductions in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, and infectious viral particles were still observed at the end of the assay. When DNase was used prior to the nucleic acid extraction the kinetic of inactivation obtained by quantitative PCR was statistically equivalent to the one observed by infectivity assays. For murine norovirus 1, 2.5, and 3.5-log 10 GC reductions were observed in natural and artificial seawater, respectively, while no viruses remained infectious after 30 min of contact with chlorine. Regarding JC polyomavirus Mad4, 1.5-and 1.1-log 10 GC reductions were observed after 30 min of contact time. No infectivity assays were conducted for this virus. The results obtained provide data that might be applicable to seawater used in shellfish depuration.

Gastroenteric virus dissemination and influence of rainfall events in urban beaches in Brazil

“…; Sauerbrei and Wutzler ; de Abreu Corrêa et al . ). Due to these characteristics, HAdV has been described together with JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) as an indicator of human viral contamination (Bofill‐Mas et al .…”

Human Norovirus Aptamer Exhibits High Degree of Target Conformation-Dependent Binding Similar to That of Receptors and Discriminates Particle Functionality

“…Specifically, pretreatment of samples with RNase prior to RT-qPCR is not likely to account for particles that remain intact but have lost HBGA or aptamer binding functionality. It has generally been observed that RNase pretreatment underestimates reductions observed by plaque assay (39, 40). Specifically, one study that directly compared a receptor (cell binding)-based assay to RNase pretreatment for murine norovirus subjected to heat found that cell binding more closely predicted viral reduction than did RNase treatment prior to RT-qPCR (41).…”

Solar Disinfection of Viruses in Polyethylene Terephthalate Bottles

“…HAdVs are large double-stranded DNA pathogens ( Table 1) that cause a wide variety of infections and are widely prevalent in the environment (19)(20)(21). They have been suggested to be indicators of human fecal contamination and have been included in many disinfection studies as a process control (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). From our data, ϳ3-log inactivation would occur at a fluence of 1.34 kJ/cm 2 ( HAdV ϭ 4.58 Ϯ 0.26 cm 2 /kJ) (Fig.…”