Comparative Immunology of Agricultural Birds

Schultz, Ursula; Magor, Katharine E.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396965-1.00021-2

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 228 publications

(196 reference statements)

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“…In comparison with mammals, birds have partial repertoires of pattern recognition receptors including TLR receptors (Boyd et al, 2007;Brownlie and Allan, 2011;Cormican et al, 2009) and RIG-like receptors (Barber et al, 2010;Karpala et al, 2012). Others have extensively examined the repertoire of avian cytokines (Kaiser et al, 2005) and chemokines (Hughes et al, 2007;Kaiser et al, 2005) interferons (Schultz et al, 2004) (Schultz and Magor, 2008) and defensins (Lynn et al, 2007) noting the genes missing from these repertoires. The immunoglobulin locus been characterized in ducks (Lundqvist et al, 2001), and encodes just three antibody isotypes (Magor, 2011).…”

Section: Birds Have a Reduced Complement Of Immune Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense genes missing from the flight division

Magor

Navarro

Barber

et al. 2013

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

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Birds have a smaller repertoire of immune genes than mammals. In our efforts to study antiviral responses to influenza in avian hosts, we have noted key genes that appear to be missing. As a result, we speculate that birds have impaired detection of viruses and intracellular pathogens. Birds are missing TLR8, a detector for single-stranded RNA. Chickens also lack RIG-I, the intracellular detector for single-stranded viral RNA. Riplet, an activator for RIG-I, is also missing in chickens. IRF3, the nuclear activator of interferon-beta in the RIG-I pathway is missing in birds. Downstream of interferon (IFN) signaling, some of the antiviral effectors are missing, including ISG15, and ISG54 and ISG56 (IFITs). Birds have only three antibody isotypes and IgD is missing. Ducks, but not chickens, make an unusual truncated IgY antibody that is missing the Fc fragment. Chickens have an expanded family of LILR leukocyte receptor genes, called CHIR genes, with hundreds of members, including several that encode IgY Fc receptors. Intriguingly, LILR homologues appear to be missing in ducks, including these IgY Fc receptors. The truncated IgY in ducks, and the duplicated IgY receptor genes in chickens may both have resulted from selective pressure by a pathogen on IgY FcR interactions. Birds have a minimal MHC, and the TAP transport and presentation of peptides on MHC class I is constrained, limiting function. Perhaps removing some constraint, ducks appear to lack tapasin, a chaperone involved in loading peptides on MHC class I. Finally, the absence of lymphotoxin-alpha and beta may account for the observed lack of lymph nodes in birds. As illustrated by these examples, the picture that emerges is some impairment of immune response to viruses in birds, either a cause or consequence of the host-pathogen arms race and long evolutionary relationship of birds and RNA viruses.

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Section: Birds Have a Reduced Complement Of Immune Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defense genes missing from the flight division

Magor

Navarro

Barber

et al. 2013

Developmental & Comparative Immunology

Self Cite

144

122

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“…Chicken CXCLi2 (IL8) is a chemokine that mediates inflammation; structurally, it is a homologue of human CXCL8 (Schultz & Magor 2008). The role of chemokines is to stimulate chemotaxis in target cells such as macrophages and endothelial cells (Luster 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early immune gene expression responses toSalmonella enteritidisinfection in indigenous chickens

Tohidi

Idris

Panandam

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Animal Research

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Salmonella enteritidis (SE) is a common cause of food-borne disease in humans and loss of growth in poultry. An effective method to inhibit salmonellosis is to increase the genetic resistance of poultry to Salmonella through genetic selection programmes that may be performed using phenotypic or genotypic data. A better understanding of the effects of Salmonella infection on the expression of inflammatory and anti-infectious cytokines and antimicrobial molecules is essential for choosing potential markers in selection programmes. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of NRAMP1, TLR4, IL8 and IFNg genes in the caecum and spleen of Malaysian village chickens and red jungle fowl 48 h after inoculation with SE. Real-time reverse transcription PCR was used to quantify the fold-change in mRNA expression. The results showed that all the genes were highly expressed 48 h post-infection in the caecum of the village chickens. Overall, these results showed that Malaysian indigenous chickens have appropriate innate immune responses to SE infection.

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“…However, the increasing consumption of poultry meat other than chicken is driving a concomitant increase in the economic importance of other poultry species, including turkeys. There is a subsequent need for improved vaccination strategies, and therefore a greater understanding of the immune systems of these species (Kaiser, 2010;Meyerhoff et al, 2012;Schultz and Magor, 2008). The release of the chicken genome sequence (International Chicken Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2004) revolutionised our under-standing of the repertoire and biology of immune-related molecules, including cytokines and chemokines, resulting in a large and expanding chicken immunological "toolbox" of reagents Kaiser, 2007Kaiser, , 2010Kaiser and Stäheli, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%