“…In insects, the nervous system appears to be the primary source of ILPs. Most commonly, small clusters of neurosecretory cells in the medial, dorsal region of brains are immunostained by insulin and ILP antisera in different life stages and species of Orthoptera (Raabe, 1986; Zachary et al ., 1988; Verhaert et al ., 1989; Hansen et al ., 1990), Hemiptera (Sevala et al ., 1992), Coleoptera (Sevala et al ., 1993), Lepidoptera (Lavenseau et al ., 1984; Mizoguchi, 1994; Nogueira et al ., 1997), and Diptera (Duve & Thorpe, 1979; El‐Salhy et al ., 1980; Gorczyca et al ., 1993; Zitnan et al ., 1993; Cao & Brown, 2001). In vertebrates, insulins originate exclusively from endocrine cells in specialized gut regions, whereas related peptides and growth factors are secreted from other tissues, including the reproductive tract.…”