Comparative hydrolysis and photolysis of four antibacterial agents (oxytetracycline oxolinic acid, flumequine and florfenicol) in deionised water, freshwater and seawater under abiotic conditions

Occurrence and fate of eleven classes of antibiotics in two typical wastewater treatment plants in South China

“…Tetracyclines are reported to interact strongly with clay, nature organic matter and metal oxides by cation exchange, surface complexation/ cation, bridging hydrophobic partitioning, and electron donor-acceptor interactions Kong et al, 2012). Besides, other processes such as hydrolysis, epimerization and photolysis may also contribute a certain degree to the degradation of this class of antibiotics in wastewater (Loftin et al, 2008;Pouliquen et al, 2007). Reported long half time in pig slurry suggests slow biodegradation of tetracycline (Winckler and Grafe, 2001).…”

Antibiotics in Aquaculture – Use, Abuse and Alternatives

“…Furthermore, in addition to the presence of the antibiotic itself, the existence of its degradation products is also a cause for concern. Unfortunately, no studies of these problems have been published, and only limited information is available regarding the presence, or absence, of antibiotics (mainly oxytetracycline, florfenicol and oxolinic acid) in the sediment around fish farm nets in a few countries (Carson et al, 2002;Lalumera et al, 2004;Pouliquen et al, 2007). The use of drugs in aquaculture has different legal constraints in each country, and supervision of compliance with regulations also varies between different countries.…”

Measurement of Aquaculture Chemotherapeutants in Flocculent Matter Collected at a Hard-Bottom Dominated Finfish Site on the South Coast of Newfoundland (Canada) After 2 Years of Fallow

“…However, it has been argued that antibacterial agents such as antibiotics resist microbial degradation in sediment, but are mainly eliminated by washing out (Samuelsen, 1989) or other mechanisms including abiotic photolysis and hydrolysis (Pouliquen et al, 2007). The persistence of amoxicillin in flocculent samples at the fallowed site remains surprising even if at low levels (<1 ppm).…”