Comparative genomics reveals the diversification of triterpenoid biosynthesis and origin of ocotillol-type triterpenes in Panax

Yang, Zijiang; Li, Xiaobo; Yang, Ling; Peng, Sufang; Song, Wanling; Lin, Yuan; Xiang, Guisheng; Liu, Ying; Ye, Shuang; Ma, Chunhua; Jin, Miao; Zhang, Guanghui; Chen, Wei; Yang, Shengchao; Dong, Yang

doi:10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100591

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 111 publications

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“…Gene duplication events, particularly WGD and TGD, contribute to the evolution of biosynthetic genes involved in the production and diversity of plant specialized metabolites. [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ] For instance, the TGD and functional divergence of N ‐methyltransferase in caffeine biosynthesis, neofunctionalization of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases related to crocin biosynthesis, [ 47 ] and WGD in Aesculus genus have been shown to contribute to the formation of aescins. [ 49 ] Biosynthetic genes for BIAs are scattered throughout most plant genomes, except for the noscapine biosynthetic gene cluster in P. somniferum .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lineage‐Specific CYP80 Expansion and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Diversity in Early‐Diverging Eudicots

An,

Gao,

Chen

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Menispermaceae species, as early‐diverging eudicots, can synthesize valuable benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) like bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids (bisBIAs) and sinomenines with a wide range of structural diversity. However, the evolutionary mechanisms responsible for their chemo‐diversity are not well understood. Here, a chromosome‐level genome assembly of Menispermum dauricum is presented and demonstrated the occurrence of two whole genome duplication (WGD) events that are shared by Ranunculales and specific to Menispermum, providing a model for understanding chromosomal evolution in early‐diverging eudicots. The biosynthetic pathway for diverse BIAs in M. dauricum is reconstructed by analyzing the transcriptome and metabolome. Additionally, five catalytic enzymes – one norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) and four cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP450s) – from M. dauricum are responsible for the formation of the skeleton, hydroxylated modification, and C‐O/C‐C phenol coupling of BIAs. Notably, a novel leaf‐specific MdCYP80G10 enzyme that catalyzes C2′‐C4a phenol coupling of (S)‐reticuline into sinoacutine, the enantiomer of morphinan compounds, with predictable stereospecificity is discovered. Moreover, it is found that Menispermum‐specific CYP80 gene expansion, as well as tissue‐specific expression, has driven BIA diversity in Menispermaceae as compared to other Ranunculales species. This study sheds light on WGD occurrences in early‐diverging eudicots and the evolution of diverse BIA biosynthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lineage‐Specific CYP80 Expansion and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Diversity in Early‐Diverging Eudicots

An,

Gao,

Chen

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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“…OrthoFinder [ 61 ] v2.5.5 was utilized to identify paralogs and orthologs and to infer the species tree among 11 plant species: E. senticosus [ 62 ], A. elata [ 63 ], P. stipuleanatus [ 11 ], P. vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus [ 64 ], P. notoginseng [ 65 ], P. quinquefolius [ 11 ], P. japonicus [ 11 ], P. ginseng , V. vinifera [ 66 ], L. sativa [ 67 ], and D. carota [ 68 ]. The species tree served as an input for estimating divergence time using the MCMCTree program within the PAML [ 69 ] package.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Telomere-to-telomere reference genome for Panax ginseng highlights the evolution of saponin biosynthesis

Song,

Zhang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Horticulture Research

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is a representative of Chinese traditional medicine, also used worldwide, while the triterpene saponin ginsenoside is the most important effective compound within it. Ginseng is an allotetraploid, with complex genetic background, making the study of its metabolic evolution challenging. In this study, we assembled a telomere-to-telomere ginseng reference genome, constructed of 3.45 Gb with 24 chromosomes and 77,266 protein-coding genes. Additionally, the reference genome was divided into two subgenomes, designated as subgenome A and B. Subgenome A contains a larger number of genes, whereas subgenome B has a general expression advantage, suggesting that ginseng subgenomes experienced asymmetric gene loss with biased gene expression. The two subgenomes separated approximately 6.07 million years ago, and subgenome B shows the closest relation to Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. Comparative genomics revealed an expansion of gene families associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis in both ginseng subgenomes. Furthermore, both tandem duplications and proximal duplications play crucial roles in ginsenoside biosynthesis. We also screened functional genes identified in previous research and found that some of these genes located in colinear regions between subgenomes have divergence functions, revealing an unbalanced evolution in both subgenomes and the saponin biosynthesis pathway in ginseng. Our work provides important resources for future genetic studies and breeding programs of ginseng, as well as the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.

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“…The PPD-type saponin precursor PPD and PPT-type saponin precursor PPT ( Hou et al, 2021 ) are produced separately by hydroxylation via dammarenediol synthase, PPD synthase, or PPT synthase. The OT-type saponin precursor OT ( Yang et al, 2023 ) is produced by catalysis via PgOSC11. After the basic skeletons of PPD, PPT, OA, and OT are synthesized, the subsequent structures of ginsenoside biosynthesis are completed by various uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases catalyzing glycosylation modification or acyltransferases catalyzing acylation modification ( Shi et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Ginsenosides Are the Main Active Ingredients Of Ginsengmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenosides: an immunomodulator for the treatment of colorectal cancer

Qian,

Jiang,

2024

Front. Pharmacol.

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Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive ingredients derived from the root of Panax ginseng, are eagerly in demand for tumor patients as a complementary and alternative drug. Ginsenosides have increasingly become a “hot topic” in recent years due to their multifunctional role in treating colorectal cancer (CRC) and regulating tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging experimental research on ginsenosides in the treatment and immune regulation of CRC has been published, while no review sums up its specific role in the CRC microenvironment. Therefore, this paper systematically introduces how ginsenosides affect the TME, specifically by enhancing immune response, inhibiting the activation of stromal cells, and altering the hallmarks of CRC cells. In addition, we discuss their impact on the physicochemical properties of the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss the application of ginsenosides in clinical treatment as their efficacy in enhancing tumor patient immunity and prolonging survival. The future perspectives of ginsenoside as a complementary and alternative drug of CRC are also provided. This review hopes to open up a new horizon for the cancer treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine monomers.

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Comparative genomics reveals the diversification of triterpenoid biosynthesis and origin of ocotillol-type triterpenes in Panax

Cited by 7 publications

References 111 publications

Lineage‐Specific CYP80 Expansion and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Diversity in Early‐Diverging Eudicots

Lineage‐Specific CYP80 Expansion and Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Diversity in Early‐Diverging Eudicots

Telomere-to-telomere reference genome for Panax ginseng highlights the evolution of saponin biosynthesis

Ginsenosides: an immunomodulator for the treatment of colorectal cancer

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